Reference no: EM13782631
Exam: 250796RR - The Mind at Work
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Questions 1 : Select the best answer to each question. Note that a question and its answers may be split across a page break, so be sure that you have seen the entire question and all the answers before choosing an answer.
1. As a volunteer subject in a sleep research lab, Conrad is routinely awakened each time he shows physiological signs of entering REM sleep. As a result, we would not be surprised to discover that, during Session 19, when Conrad is left undisturbed all night,
A. Conrad exhibits less time spent in REM sleep.
B. Conrad exhibits more time spent in REM sleep.
C. The content of Conrad's dreams tends to reflect concern with excretive functions.
D. The content of Conrad's dreams is significantly more focused on threat or violence.
2. I reward your behavior after I observe you correctly following a product assembly procedure six times. In operant conditioning, this kind of partial reinforcement is based on a _______ schedule.
A. fixed-ratio
B. variable-interval
C. fixed-interval
D. variable-ratio
3. In a lab devoted to sleep disorders Julio points to the brain wave monitor, turns to Laura and says, "Subject is going into non-REM Stage 2." Laura looking at the monitor, says, "Got it; I'm recording the time." What would Laura and Julio see on the monitor to assure them that the subject has entered Stage 2 sleep?
A. Sleep disturbance is indicated by sharp wave spikes.
B. Brain waves are getting slower and more regular.
C. Brain waves are irregular and episodic.
D. Sleep spindles appear.
4. You deprive your six-year-old of dessert each time he fails to eat his spinach. In this sort of _______, you weaken a response through taking away something pleasant or desired.
A. positive punishment
B. negative reinforcement
C. negative punishment
D. positive reinforcement
5. Natasha has been living Philadelphia for several months and is rapidly mastering the English language. However, she often turns to her American friend, Emily, when she is uncertain about a concept. One day, Natasha turns to Emily and asks, "What are you meaning when you say this word 'vehicle'?" If you were Emily, which of these prototypes would be most likely to point to feel fairly certain that Natasha "gets it"?
A. An elevator
B. An escalator
C. An automobile
D. A jet liner passing overhead.
6. Responding to stimuli that are similar-but not identical-to a conditioned stimulus is called
A. spontaneous recovery.
B. stimulus discrimination.
C. stimulus generalization.
D. respondent reinforcement.
7. An important reason why people forget something is that they didn't pay much attention to it in the first place. Psychologists refer to this kind of forgetting as
A. encoding failure.
B. decay.
C. cue-dependent.
D. interference related.
8. During the _______ phase of problem solving, a means-ends analysis is a very common heuristic.
A. preparation
B. judgment
C. production
D. algorithm
9. A _______ reinforcement is one that satisfies a biological need.
A. conditional
B. primary
C. neutral
D. positive
10. The most frequently abused nervous system depressant is
A. caffeine.
B. alcohol.
C. marijuana.
D. cocaine.
11. I help Cameron learn to play a guitar by guiding him through a sequence of reinforced behaviors, such as holding the guitar, tuning the guitar, and properly fingering simple chords. In the operant conditioning perspective, this is called
A. gradual reinforcement.
B. latent learning.
C. shaping.
D. graded reinforcement.
12. Prescott is an old hand in the print shop. He insists that there's only one dependable kind of process for printing a three-color brochure. By contrast, Baldwin recognizes several different approaches to three-color printing through the use of new digital technologies. Psychologists would say Prescott's point of view is limited by his
A. mental set.
B. obsessive perfectionism.
C. mental laziness.
D. fundamental fixation.
13. Professor Dore maintains that language develops through the interplay of genetically determined factors and environmental influences that shape how language is learned. Professor Dore supports the
A. linguistic-relativity hypothesis.
B. nativist approach to language development.
C. interaction approach to language development.
D. learning theory approach to language development.
14. After Kate's visit to Paris, her memories about what she saw and learned were influenced by music in the background, by the comments of her traveling companion, and by the light reflecting off the Seine, reminding Kate of her childhood home on the banks of the Wabash. Psychologists would say Kate's memories of Paris are influenced by the meanings she gave to aspects of her experience through
A. episodic memory.
B. flashbulb memories.
C. implicit memories.
D. constructive processes.
15. Which of the following is a specific technique used in behavior modification?
A. Training a subject in helpful weight-loss strategies
B. Selecting a behavior-change strategy
C. Keeping no records as the program is implemented
D. Reinforcing drug-related behaviors
16. Knowing that Dr. Mallet, a clinical psychologist, is interested in the latent and manifest content of his client's dreams, it's safest to suspect that Dr. Mallet embraces _______ theory.
A. repressive-activation
B. activation-synthesis
C. dreams-for-survival
D. unconscious wish-fulfillment
17. Which of the following statements regarding hypnosis is the best response?
A. People who are most susceptible to hypnosis are unable to concentrate on anything for very long.
B. In general, today's researchers have concluded that hypnosis is distinct from ordinary waking consciousness.
C. All people are susceptible to hypnosis.
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D. Not all psychologists feel that hypnosis is a distinct altered state of consciousness.
18. After taking the drug, Rupert reported vivid hallucinations, altered perception of sounds and colors, and distorted time perception. It's most likely that the drug Rupert took was
A. MDMA.
B. marijuana.
C. cocaine.
D. LSD.
19. According to information provided in your text, circadian rhythms are associated with
A. the occurrence of anxiety attacks.
B. cycles of waking and sleeping.
C. attacks of sleep apnea.
D. the time of month that pregnant women are likely to go into labor.
20. Methadone can be used to treat heroin addiction. However, the main drawback in this sort of treatment is that methadone
A. is very expensive to produce, since it's derived from rare tropical plants.
B. provides the same sort of "high" the addict experiences with heroin.
C. is biologically addictive.
D. is psychologically addictive.
Questions 1 to 20: Select the best answer to each question. Note that a question and its answers may be split across a page break, so be sure that you have seen the entire question and all the answers before choosing an answer.
1. In late adulthood, changes in memory may not be inevitable; however, any decline in memory tends to involve _______ memory.
A. intrinsic
B. implicit
C. semantic
D. episodic
2. During middle adulthood, the most clearly marked biological change is related to
A. reproductive capabilities.
B. the so-called midlife transition.
C. weight loss.
D. memory loss.
3. In the research conducted by Hans Eysenck, factor analysis was used to identify ________ basic personality dimensions. Of these, the tendency to distort reality was labeled:
A. five; neuroticism.
B. three; psychoticism
C. five; conscientiousness
D. three; extraversion
4. In the _______ theory of motivation, _______ motivation is to satisfaction provided by activities that are their own reward as _______ motivation is to satisfaction derived from the reward for some kind of behavior, such as money or status.
A. cognitive; intrinsic; extrinsic
B. cognitive; autonomous; dependent
C. drive-reduction; dependent; autonomous
D. drive-reduction; extrinsic; intrinsic
5. To formulate a general definition of emotion, it will be most accurate to say that
A. emotions are adaptive physiological responses to feelings.
B. an emotion is a specific reaction to a perceived change in a situation.
C. emotion is a feeling state evoked by an expressed behavior.
D. emotions are feelings that have both physiological and cognitive elements.
6. In Maslow's needs hierarchy, people whose need for _______ has been fulfilled are poised to ascend to the level of self-actualization.
A. love and belongingness
B. achievement
C. esteem
D. safety
7. According to your textbook's treatment of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, a focus on rewards and punishment in respect to a moral dilemma is characteristic of
A. children who haven't reached the conventional stage of moral development.
B. adolescents who have reached the conventional level of moral development.
C. children who haven't grasped the principle of object constancy.
D. adolescents who have reached the formal operational stage of moral development.
8. Which statement about anorexia nervosa is true?
A. Sufferers are usually males between the ages of 12 and 40.
B. People with this disorder may well be attractive and successful.
C. Typically, the lives of anorexics center on sex.
D. Anorexics almost never starve to death, although they may die from other disorders.
9. If you support the idea that physiological arousal and the experience of an associated emotion will occur simultaneously, you'll agree with the
A. Schachter-Singer theory of emotion.
B. biological emotion-activation theory.
C. James-Lange theory of emotion.
D. Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
10. Carol is most likely to reject the _________ theory of aging because she pictures the body as a machine that stops working properly as the parts wear out.
A. disengagement
B. wear-and-tear
C. activity
D. genetic preprogramming
11. According to Erik Erikson, generativity-versus-stagnation is the typical challenge of
A. middle adulthood.
B. old age.
C. early adulthood.
D. adolescence.
12. If you agree with B.F. Skinner as to the nature of personality, you would also agree that
A. humans are infinitely changeable because they can learn new behavior patterns.
B. human personality is largely shaped through observational learning.
C. traits like sociability arise from unconscious wishes to be liked by others.
D. personality is shaped by people's thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values.
13. People with a _______ can eat just about anything they want and not gain weight.
A. low metabolic rate
B. fixed weight set point
C. high metabolic rate
D. fixed proportion of fat cells
14. According to Bandura, the extent to which we feel we're able to meet a challenge or pursue a task to a favorable outcome is our level of
A. openness to experience.
B. extraversion.
C. self-efficacy.
D. self-esteem.
15. It's becoming increasingly apparent to researchers that infants are born with
A. high self-esteem.
B. developed personalities.
C. innate temperaments.
D. low self-esteem.
16. According to Rogers, we can overcome the discrepancy between our self-concept and our experience through
A. unconditional cognitive regard.
B. conditional positive regard.
C. unconditional positive regard.
D. balancing conditional positive and conditional negative self-regard.
17. I'm not all that happy, but when I smile I feel better. This idea might best be expressed by the
A. emotional similarity theory.
B. facial feedback hypothesis.
C. theory of universal affect programming.
D. facial-affect program.
18. You maintain that physical changes in late adulthood are largely related to built-in time limits to cell reproduction. It's safe to say that you endorse the _______ theory of aging.
A. amyloid precursor
B. disengagement
C. wear-and-tear
D. genetic preprogramming
19. The original purpose in constructing the MMPI-2 was
A. screening college applicants.
B. identifying psychological disorders.
C. identifying a client's optimal choices among occupations.
D. screening job applicants.
20. Which of the following statements regarding adolescent suicide is not true?
A. Females attempt suicide more often than males.
B. Suicide is the leading cause of death among adolescents.
C. Male suicide rates are five times higher than those for females.
D. Suicide is normally associated with d
Questions 1 : Select the best answer to each question. Note that a question and its answers may be split across a page break, so be sure that you have seen the entire question and all the answers before choosing an answer.
1. Regarding perspectives on abnormality, what is the common ground between the medical and psychoanalytic perspectives?
A. Both view abnormal behavior as rooted in biological processes.
B. Both assume that people's thoughts and beliefs underlie problematic behavior.
C. Both view abnormal behaviors as learned behaviors.
D. Both view abnormal behaviors as symptoms of underlying problems.
2. Dr. Cranberry suspects that her client is selectively failing to recall an event that must, by all evidence, be stored in his memory. If the therapist turns out to be correct in this assessment, she'll identify the disorder as dissociative
A. identity disorder.
B. amnesia.
C. repression.
D. fugue.
3. Which therapeutic approach does not require the presence of a psychological professional?
A. Self-help therapy
B. Interpersonal therapy
C. Humanistic therapy
D. Family therapy
4. In the process of Freudian psychoanalysis, patients may come to think of the therapist as a symbol of their feelings for a parent, lover, or abuser. This phenomenon is referred as
A. projection.
B. free association.
C. transference.
D. latent content.]
5. Psychologists consider _______ behavior to be behavior that causes people to experience distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily lives.
A. deviant
B. abnormal
C. aberrant
D. adolescent
6. In the context of rational-emotional behavior therapy, which of the following is considered an unrealistic and irrational idea?
A. How I view a situation effects how I feel about myself in that situation.
B. We must be accomplished and successful in every aspect of our lives to feel like a worthwhile person.
C. It's not a big deal when things don't go the way I want them to.
D. No one in my life should love me and approve of what I do.
7. _______ drugs focus on efforts to change the concentration of neurotransmitters in the brain. For example, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors concentrate serotonin in synapses between neurons.
A. Mood stabilizer
B. Antidepressant
C. Antipsychotic
D. Anti-anxiety
8. Regarding possible environmental causes of schizophrenia, the concept of expressed emotion refers to an interactive style characterized by
A. practical jokes.
B. withdrawal and isolation.
C. obsessive perfectionism.
D. hostility, criticism, and intrusiveness.
9. A reference work developed by the American Psychiatric Association is referred to as DSM-IV-TR. In that acronym, S stands for
A. Standardized
B. Standard
C. Symposium
D. Statistical
10. In which of these statements is the scientific rationale for distinguishing Type I and Type II most clearly illustrated?
A. Type II schizophrenics are most likely to be a threat to themselves and others.
B. Type I schizophrenics are most likely to be a threat to themselves and others.
C. The symptomatic profile for Type I and Type II schizophrenia is different.
D. If subjects X and Y are identical twins and X is diagnosed with Type 1 schizophrenia, we can be nearly 100 percent assured that Y will also develop Type I schizophrenia.
11. The _______ perspective on psychological disorders has been criticized for relying on unscientific and nonverifiable information.
A. behavioral
B. sociocultural
C. cognitive
D. humanistic
12. A very large sample, representing the population of the United States, was drawn to study the prevalence of psychological disorders. The second most commonly reported disorder, after depression, was
A. posttraumatic stress disorder.
B. alcohol dependency.
C. comorbidity.
D. panic disorders.
13. The most common symptom of a generalized anxiety disorder is
A. trembling hands.
B. inability to relax.
C. a racing heart.
D. confusion.
14. The key theme in humanistic therapy is
A. philosophical reasoning.
B. emotional expression.
C. self-criticism.
D. self-responsibility.
15. In the context of a therapeutic program, you regularly take a drug that causes you to get violently ill whenever you drink alcohol. Among behavioral approaches to therapy, this would best be called
A. negative reinforcement.
B. systematic desensitization.
C. contingent conditioning.
D. aversive conditioning.
16. A therapist determined that Alice depends on relationships with others to find some shaky ground for her self-identity. In this context, Alice has always been devastated by rejection of any kind. Alice is most likely to be diagnosed as suffering from a/an
A. antisocial personality disorder.
B. narcissistic personality disorder.
C. borderline personality disorder.
D. sociopathic personality.
17. After Darryl spends some time watching a boy his age happily playing with a dog, Darryl begins to lose his fear of dogs. Which approach to psychotherapy is best illustrated in this scenario?
A. Dialectical behavior therapy
B. Rational-Emotive
C. Operant conditioning
D. Cognitive-behavioral
18. According to psychologist Martin Seligman, depression is largely a response to
A. manic elation.
B. chronic negative circumstances.
C. sexual abuse during childhood.
D. learned helplessness.
19. In psychodynamic therapy, a primary focus is on penetrating the client's
A. defense mechanisms.
B. expectations.
C. unconscious hostility.
D. apathy.
20. Attempting to learn more about the physiological aspects of depression, Dr. Paul observes levels and areas of brain activation in equal numbers of male and female subjects as they are viewing images of people exhibiting angry, sad, and fearful facial expressions. What is Dr. Paul most likely to observe?
A. Brain activation is significantly greater in subjects diagnosed with depression.
B. Chances are better that 2 to 1 that the subject is male if brain activation levels are significantly suppressed.
C. Chances are better that 2 to 1 that the subject is female if brain activation is significantly less than normal.
D. Brain activation is markedly less in subjects diagnosed with depression.
Questions 1 : Select the best answer to each question. Note that a question and its answers may be split across a page break, so be sure that you have seen the entire question and all the answers before choosing an answer.
1. On first meeting Ian Campbell from Edinburgh, Clark Mason, a native of Seattle, immediately decides that he and Ian have similar attitudes, feelings, and worldviews. Psychologists say this sort of thing illustrates the
A. "birds of a feather" error.
B. assumed-similarity bias.
C. self-serving bias.
D. fundamental attribution error.
2. Four steps are involved in a person's decision to offer assistance in an emergency situation. The third step is
A. interpreting the event as requiring someone to offer assistance.
B. appraisal of one's skills and experience in dealing with emergencies.
C. assuming responsibility for rendering assistance.
D. deciding how to help.
3. Which of the following statements best illustrates the concept of the halo effect?
A. After Clark missed the foul shot, Coach Smart told him to try practicing for a change.
B. On first meeting Sally, Harry recognized that he and Sally were like two peas in a pod.
C. Observing that Lois is argumentative and abrasive, Leopold assumes she is a skilled liar.
D. Grenville maintains that Hannibal's faults lie not with the stars but within his character.
4. Two psychology students are in a heated discussion about the nature of prejudice. Mavis insists that that when people get their identity from membership in a political action group, they will generally express ethnocentrism. Martin argues that with or without ethnocentrism, social identity based in group membership is inevitably associated with the demonization of minority groups. Who is correct?
A. Neither Mavis nor Martin is correct.
B. Martin is correct.
C. Mavis is correct.
D. Both Mavis and Martin are correct.
5. Mandy has decided that she has no control over the aversive stimuli she encounters at work and at home day by day. Thus, she has given up trying to make her life better. Psychologists would say Mandy's worldview illustrates
A. learned helplessness.
B. emotion-focused coping.
C. learned avoidant coping.
D. problem-focused coping.
6. In hearing a persuasive message, some people will evaluate it in terms of factors that have nothing to do with the content of the message. When this happens, psychologists speak of _______ route processing.
A. peripheral
B. incidental
C. inductive
D. central
7. According to your text, whether you're persuaded by a message will primarily depend on which factor?
A. Your perception or understanding of the recipient of the message
B. The nature of the message as it relates to your temperament
C. Whether you receive the message while at work or at home
D. Your characteristics, including your personality and intelligence]
8. The more people there are at the scene of an accident, the less likely it is that individuals will step up to lend a hand. This phenomenon is referred to as
A. antisocial behavior.
B. diffusion of responsibility.
C. diffusion of interest.
D. crowd apathy.
9. Which statement best expresses the concept of the self-serving bias?
A. We tend to think other people are similar to us, even when we first meet them.
B. We attribute our successes to our skills and abilities and our failures to external factors.
C. We assume that situational causes are brought about by the environment.
D. We nearly always assume that other people's failures are due to their personal characteristics.
10. Aggressiveness builds up in people because of human nature. It can be safely expressed before it reaches a "boiling point" through the catharsis offered by aggressive sports and games. These kinds of ideas are associated with
A. frustration-aggression theory.
B. social learning theories.
C. observational learning theories.
D. instinct approaches to aggression.
11. Particular factors encourage people to be drawn into liking one another. In this context, the reciprocity of liking effect is primarily associated with
A. physical attractiveness.
B. similarity.
C. exposure.
D. propinquity.
12. In the "teacher-learner" experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram, ______ percent of the experimental subjects eventually applied the "lethal" 450-volt shock to the "learner."
A. 35
B. 65
C. 15
D. 2
13. Which of the following statements regarding stereotypes and prejudice is true?
A. Discrimination is to action as prejudice is to attitudes.
B. Stereotypes may be positive or negative.
C. Where there are stereotypes we always find prejudice.
D. A self-fulfilling prophecy always precedes prejudice.
14. In the context of stress, the flip side of an uplift is
A. a personal stressor.
B. background chaos.
C. any cataclysmic event.
D. a hassle.
15. The first stage in the GAS model of stress is
A. analyzing a stressor.
B. alarm and mobilization.
C. resistance.
D. adaptation.
16. In general, the approach to stress embraced by psychoneuroimmunologists focuses on
A. psychological factors and the immune system.
B. the outcomes of stress.
C. the brain and the immune system.
D. the brain and the body.
17. With respect to the theory of cognitive dissonance, people can hold contradictory ideas in their minds. If you become aware of the dissonance between two ideas, you could pursue which of the following strategies to reduce the dissonance?
A. You can tell yourself that the contradictory ideas are contradictory.
B. You can modify your views of the two contradictory ideas.
C. You can change the way you perceive the ideas by decreasing the importance of one of them.
D. You can repress one of the cognitions into your unconscious mind and go about your day.
18. According to Sternberg, intimacy plus decision/commitment identifies
A. liking.
End of exam
B. companionate love.
C. fatuous love.
D. true friendship.
19. Sternberg's model of the kinds of love identifies which of the following basic components?
A. Spirituality
B. Commitment/decision
C. Sexuality
D. Consummate attraction
20. As discussed in your textbook, the Implicit Association Test (IAT)
A. is based on a culture-free questionnaire.
B. requires people to openly express and reveal their latent prejudices.
C. has revealed that most people aren't prejudiced.
D. requires subjects to react to a series of black and white faces.