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At a genetics course, the question asked by the tutor was: "Suppose we perform a combined genome/epigenome-wide association study where we measure the genotype and methylation of a cohort of disease cases and healthy controls. Consider the genotype at a particular SNP X, the methylation at a particular CpG site M, and the disease status Y. Under what conditions can we say that methylation causes disease rather than being a consequence of disease?" The official answer from the tutor was: "We say M mediates the link between X and Y if X is associated with Y, M is associated with Y, but X is not associated with Y conditioned on M. In this case, genotype causes a change in methylation, which in turn causes a change in disease status"
Here is my question: Can you explain the above answer from the tutor in a more simple way and with less complex words? What does the tutor want to say by "X is not associated with Y conditioned on M" ? What does "conditioned on M" mean?
Which one of the following statements about the structure shown above is correct?
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After one minute, ask your subjects to close their eyes. Once their eyes are closed, ask them to recite everything in the room that is different colour than the one they were looking for, for in case, anything and everything that is green.
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