In order to effectively withdraw from complicity

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Reference no: EM133941752

Questions

1. In order to effectively withdraw from complicity, which of the following is NOT required:

a. The withdrawal requires the taking of all reasonable steps to prevent the commission of the crime

b. The withdrawal must be unequivocal

c. The withdrawal must be communicated to the principal offenders

d. The withdrawal requires the taking of all reasonable steps to undo the effect of the party's previous actions

2. Australian courts have developed a number of tests of legal causation (to assess whether an accused's conduct caused the requisite result or consequence). Which test has been rejected by the High Court?

a. The reasonable foreseeability test

b. The "but for" test

c. The natural consequence test

d. The substantial cause test

3. What is the mens rea for a charge under s 35 of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW)?

a. Recognition of the probability of actual bodily harm

b. Intentional or reckless infliction of grievous bodily harm

c. Intentional or reckless unlawful contact

d. Recognition of the possibility of actual bodily harm

4. Which is incorrect?

a. A person can claim self-defence even if the attack upon that person was lawful

b. A person who provokes an attack upon him or herself is likely to find it more difficult to justify that his or her conduct was a reasonable response in the circumstances as he or she perceived them

c. Before a person can claim to have acted in self-defence, they must have attempted to retreat first

d. A person who makes a pre-emptive strike, before an attack on that person has actually begun, can claim self-defence

5. Which of the following is NOT an exception to the rule articulated in R v Brown [1993] 2 WLR 556 that a person cannot consent to actual bodily harm or greater forms of harm?

a. Surgery

b. Ear piercing

c. Ritual male circumcision

d. Russian roulette

Reference no: EM133941752

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