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Cathy Bieniek

Humn-303-Introduction to Humanities

Professor Pisano

Date: 7-23-2016

The Renaissance influenced the course of the development of modern culture, society, and since it is a characteristic extension of both, artistic expression. Leonardo da Vinci, the epitome of the "Renaissance man", was part of the humanist movement. His intellectual achievements and interests span a wide variety of fields in art, science and literature. Da Vinci recorded his observations about nature, animals and human beings, and also focused on the man-made world in secret notebooks. Although da Vinci was not considered a genius in his time, his notebooks contain drawings of the airplane, a bicycle, double tiered bridge, and a helicopter based on the flying ability of a bat. Standards of artistic expression, especially as they showed up in the works of Leonardo de Vinci throughout the Renaissance, have remained indispensable in all parts of modern culture and provided inspiration and guidance to innumerable artists, scientists, engineers, and doctors since his death five centuries ago.

To begin with you have actually explained well the history about Leonard da Vinci as per his many works of art which are put down by many book writers. Second the ideas that are relevant to the subject matter are the knowledge and concepts that da Vinci had put down in many of his secret notebooks. In his work of art also you should include his inventions as a genius though he was not considered and appreciated as per his many contemporaries which made him at least to create on a paper an airplane, a bicycle and helicopter which was based on the flying ability of a bat.

Witoszek, N. (2014). Leonardo da Vinci Our Contemporary?. Worldviews: Global Religions,
Culture & Economy, 18(2), 122-143. doi:10.1163/15685357-01802002.

In this article, Witoszek is writing in response to historians who claim that the European Renaissance has either waned or has been declining swiftly. He investigates and reevaluates the concepts and representations of Renaissance humanism and how these ideas are illustrated through the works of Leonardo da Vinci. Three main arguments are addressed. The first argument delves into the ecological forces in Leonardo's opus representative of the relationship between humans and nature, and its relevance to a fundamental change in approach imposed by the "current environmental and social crisis", (Witiszek, 2014). Nature, humanity and progress are interconnected, He maintains that a good deal that can be learned from the "small and subversive community of Renaissance umanasti" when imagining a more sustainable future (Witiszek, 2014). Leonardo, in 1502, worked with Machiavelli on a project to alter the course of the Arno river. The project was a failure but the ideas Leonardo held in terms of the interconnection of the natural world and humanity influenced Machiavelli who echoed this concept in the central metaphors in "The Prince", a political anthropology which would come to define social order. The "umanasti" established an advanced ethical vision which developed into the foundation of Western innovation. There are two direct influences stemming from the Renaissance. The first is illustrated in "De Hominis Dignitate", an oration which personified the endless possibilities one has in determining the course of their life. A darker view is seen in the wars, greed, corruption, and the Inquisition. Lastly, Leonardo's legacy and a rethinking of nature and humanity in the viewpoints of the Renaissance and thinkers place the focus on a distinctive code of eco-humanism. Eco-humanism accentuates human dignity, nature's self-sufficiency and authority, the right to ask questions and speak freely, and stresses the use of laws to limit human pursuits. Renaissance humanism, as expressed by artists, and writers, is composed of nonconforming intellectuals who challenged the religious dictate. Leonardo da Vinci and many other artists and writers sought a balance between the natural state and culture, in an effort to change the world.

Prus, R (2014). Engaging Love, Divinity, and Philosophy: Pragmatism, Personification, and Autoethnographic Motifs in the Humanist Poetics of Brunetto Latini, Dante Alighieri.

and Giovanni Boccaccio. Qualitative Sociology Review. 10 (3), 6.

This article examines the works of three authors of the humanist movement whose writings focused on the study of the human condition, and realism, and have been influential in the social science ventures of the 21st century. This pragmatism has its roots in the Classical Greek era, particularly Aristotle, whose focus was on people gaining knowledge and understanding of the humanly known world. He stressed the "unity of the mind, body, and activity in a community context" (Prus, 2014). It was Aristotle who expressed concepts of community, activity, objects, and communication in a similar fashion to modern pragmatic thought.

The works of Latini, Dante Alighieri, and Boccaccio both benefitted from the pragmatic tradition and also contributed to its prolonged existence. Each developed material that addressed human knowledge and actions in precise and lasting terms, providing vital sociological insights. They did this through their accounts of the characters and their interactions and their style of writing. These early renaissance authors render extraordinarily "self-reflective" texts offering significant insight in the life-world of the subjects whom the authors speak about, the audience, the ideals and experiences of the author's own culture as witnessed through their writing. These writers permit us to appreciate facets of pragmatist importance placed on "human knowing and acting through their attentiveness to people's perspectives, speech, deliberation, action, and interaction" (Prus, 2014).

Contemporary scholars in social sciences gain valuable insight through the presentation of generic standpoints, focusing on affective relationships, and considering morality as a community matter. Studying the works of Letini, Dante Alighieri, and Boccaccio offers contemporary scholars in the social sciences important historical and cultural comparative and conceptual reference points.

Cooper, M. (1994). A Man for All Time. Faces, 11(1), 28.
In this article, Cooper describes some of Leonardo da Vinci's inventions, describing him as a "master artist and master scientist". One of his most well-known paintings, Mona Lisa, is only one of his many contributions to modern society. Leonardo da Vinci was a prolific inventor who believed that science and the workings of nature were intricately linked. He studied subject matter ranging from the wind and water to the study of human anatomy. He believed in putting this knowledge to practical use, and continually thought of ways to do this. This was exemplified through the variety of inventions ranging from household aids and industrial machines to scientific instruments. Few of his inventions came into being in his lifetime due to the fact that da Vinci would automatically move on to the next idea. Da Vinci kept meticulous notebooks complete with drawings and notes written in mirror writing. For da Vinci, "science was the knowledge of things possible in the future, of the present, and of the past" (Cooper, 1994). The invention of the printing press made mastering the science of the past easier, with the printing of the classics written by the ancient Greeks. Da Vinci studied on his own, thus improving on the practical and theoretical ideas of his era. His ideas and inventions were forward looking. He foresaw the advent of the radio and telephone, having written "Men from the most remote regions shall speak to one another and shall reply" (Cooper, 1994). Da Vinci's notebooks included ideas such as two level bridges to accommodate traffic jams, the parachute, the helicopter, and the monkey wrench.

Fairchild, J. (2016). Capturing mathematical relationships through representation: a timeless human endeavor. Mathematics Teaching, (252), 7.
Jackie Fairchild, in this written version of her plenary talk to the ATM conference, analyzes the connection between representations and mathematical relationships. She notes the Fibonacci sequence that occurs in nature in the way flowers grow in sets of spirals growing from the center of the plant. The mathematical relationship in the Fibonacci sequence can either be based in nature or mad-made, according to Fairchild. Fairchild calls attention to ancient Mesopotamia tablets bearing mathematical exercises, and the relationship between the irrational ratio of the side length and the diagonal of a square. She also calls attention to the genius of Leonardo da Vinci in his use of scientific understandings in his painting. In her discussions with Martin Kemp, an author of many books on Leonardo da Vinci, Fairchild discovered a link between art and science in da Vinci's work. Da Vinci was accomplished in many disciplines throughout his lifetime. He became proficient in painting, sculpture, architecture, anatomy, geometry, and science. He was also adept at mathematics. Leonardo studies the books written by Vitruvius, a first century Roman architect who wrote books on architecture.

Vitruvius's third book explores the proportions of the temples, based on the perfect proportions of the human body. Each drew an image of a man in proportion to a surrounding shape. Vitruvius's image was placed in a circle and a square with one center point while Leonardo used two positions solving the problem of how the hands can touch both the circle and the square. Leonardo also tried to work out how to square a circle, but remained vague about the solution. He collaborated with Pacioli, a mathematician in Milan, while working on "The Last Supper". Leonardo was influenced by Pacioli's theory of perspective, knowledge he put to use in "The Last Supper". He sought to create representations that appeared as if they could be reached through the senses. Through his multidisciplinary achievements, Leonardo created paintings that seemed to defy the two-dimensional representations they were meant to be. The author suggests that relationships are a component of patterns, which encode mathematical information and relationships in a way that transcends time and culture (Fairchild, 2016)

Veltman, K. H. (2008). Leonardo da Vinci: A Review. Leonardo, 41(4), 381-388.
In this article, Veltman describes how Leonardo de Vinci worked. It reviews knowledge gained on Leonardo da Vinci over the past century, stemming from a fascination with his most important works. The result is an almost thorough understanding of his art. Everywhere he went, he had a notebook on him in which he recorded his notes by category. One category was focused on the world of nature, animals, and human beings, and the other focused on the man-made world consisting of machines, inventions, and the like. Although the printing press was in use at the time, it was not yet capable of printing the many complex and technical drawings.

Leonardo was first and foremost known as an artist via his masterpieces such as the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper. Over time, his name is also connected to Renaissance art as his work in Italian landscapes were realized. His influence is also felt in the role of the serpentine pose which became a symbol of the High Renaissance and Mannerism. His paintings are still being studied today for their influences and how they inspired art both in his own time and in future genres of art. Leonardo was just influential as an artist-engineer. His work in chemistry led to the creation of the steam engine. Leonardo's contributions came as a result of classical and medieval sources, artist-engineers modeled after Brunelleschi, and contemporary artist-engineers. His drawings in the natural and man-made world helped him to stand out and among his 23 drawings of machines, 21 were realized by the 19th century. Leonardo da Vinci made significant contributions in the fields of mechanics, optics, perspective, and machines.