How would expect the effects of lowered extracellular na+

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Reference no: EM133290625

Assignment:

At water stops and checkpoints, the medics restrict the amount of drinking water an individual can consume as over-hydration can also cause serious imbalances in extracellular ion concentrations. In particular, excess water intake has been associated with lowered extracellular levels of Na+ (hyponatremia), Ca2+ (hypocalcemia), and K+ (hypokalemia).

How would you expect the effects of lowered extracellular Na+, Ca2+ and K+ to affect the pacemaker activity of the SA node in the heart? In THE answer be sure to explain the outcome for reducing each ion concentration separately.

Reference no: EM133290625

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