How do changes in preload and afterload contribute

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Reference no: EM133754284

Problem

Case Study: Mrs. Anderson - Navigating the Complexities of Congestive Heart Failure Patient Profile: Mrs. Anderson is a 70-year-old woman admitted to the hospital with a history of congestive heart failure (CHF). She presents with worsening dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, and bilateral lower extremity edema. Mrs. Anderson has a medical history significant for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical Presentation: On examination, Mrs. Anderson appears fatigued and is experiencing difficulty breathing. Her vital signs include a heart rate of 98 bpm, respiratory rate of 24 breaths per minute, blood pressure of 150/90 mmHg, and oxygen saturation of 92% on room air. Physical examination reveals bilateral crackles in the lung bases and 3 pitting edema in the lower extremities. Diagnostic Findings: Echocardiogram: Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 35%, indicating systolic dysfunction. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level: Elevated at 900 pg/mL. Chest X-ray: Cardiomegaly and pulmonary congestion. Questions: Explain the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the development of CHF in Mrs. Anderson, including how her comorbidities (medical history) contribute to the development and progression of CHF. How do changes in preload and afterload contribute to the progression of CHF? Identify and discuss the clinical manifestations exhibited by Mrs. Anderson.

Reference no: EM133754284

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