How are cells induced to begin dna replication

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Reference no: EM133931052

Questions:

1. How do organisms ensure that cells proceed through the cell cycle? What are "checkpoints"?

2. How did researchers determine that a cytoplasmic signal or chemical was required to induce meiosis in frog oocytes? What did they name this chemical factor? What is the other name for this chemical factor? What does this signal do & what is its mechanism of action? What is cyclin? What is a CDK?

3. How are cells induced to begin DNA replication?

4. Explain what events are monitored at the following checkpoints: G1, G2, M, and G0.

5. Define apoptosis, and provide an overview of the stages of apoptosis. What are caspases? What is their role in apoptosis?

6. What causes cells to die by apoptosis? By necrosis? What happens to the cell in each? After terminally differentiated cells are replaced by apoptosis, what are they replaced by?

7. What are the two ways that cells may escape apoptosis and become cancer cells, undergoing uncontrolled cell division? What is p53? What is the function of p53? What happens if there is a mutation in p53? Explain the roles of p53, Mdm2, ATM kinase, Chk2, and p21in ensuring cells repair damage or die by apoptosis instead of allowing uncontrolled cell proliferation of damaged cells.

8. Define tumor. Differentiate between benign and malignant tumors. What is metastasis?

9. List two general causes of cancer that are covered in this reading that affect the function of p53, resulting in uncontrolled cell proliferation.

10. Explain how radiation works in disrupting cell division. Explain how chemotherapy works in disrupting mitosis and replication. How do the chemotherapeutic agents taxol and cordycepin work? What is the major limitation of these types of treatments?

Reference no: EM133931052

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