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Future costs as well as future payments have present values. For example, some researchers say that global warming could cost $1 trillion per year in 100 years. Using the present value formula and an interest rate r = 5%, one researcher (William Nordhaus) argues that we should be willing to pay about $7.6 billion per year today to avoid that cost (PV = $1 trillion x 1/[1+.05]^100). A second person says that because we are uncertain about the future cost we should give it a higher interest rate, say r=15%, which indicates that we’d be willing to pay about $850,000 today to avoid the cost. A third person says that none of us will be alive in 100 years, so we should not be willing to pay anything today to avoid a cost that will fall on people 100 years from now (r = ∞). A fourth person (Nicholas Stern) says that any interest rate above zero indicates that we value our grandchildren less than ourselves and our children, so we should be willing to pay the full $1 trillion today to avoid the $1 Trillion cost 100 years from now (r = 0).
Nordhaus replies to Stern, “The argument is not how we value our grandchildren, it’s primarily about the return on capital. My view is that the return on capital is high, so that the threshold is pretty high if we are going to compete with other uses of our investment dollars.” Assuming for the sake of argument that the $1 trillion cost is a realistic estimate, which of the four points of view do you agree with and why? Is present value a useful way to address the question of our responsibility to future generations?
If we know that expansionary monetary policy cannot create real economic growth in the long-run, why would it ever be used in the short-run?
Explain how each change would affect bank reserves, the money supply, interest rates and aggregate demand and how this would help improve the economy.
Consider an economy where 1999 is the base year used for all calculations of price indices and constant-price aggregates. The price of the average good counted in GDP was 5% higher in 1997 than in 1999 and real GDP in 1997 was $64,800. In 1998 the ra..
Based on some economists' definition of the relevant market, the two firms proposing to merge enjoyed a combined market share of about two-thirds, while another firm essentially controlled the remaining share of the market.
Explain how would a low-cost price leader enforce its leadership through implied threats to a rival. Provide at least one example of such a strategy.
If company wants to earn a mark-up of 50 percent on its variable costs, explain how many sets will it have to sell at price obtained in part b.
Alfred, Beth, and Charles orally agreed to start ABC Computers (“ABC”), a business to manufacture and sell computers. Alfred contributed $100,000 to ABC, stating to Beth and Charles that he wanted to limit his liability to that amount. Charles later ..
An economy has a Cobb–Douglas production function: Y = Kα(LE) 1−α. The economy has a capital share of a third, a saving rate of 24 percent, a depreciation rate of 3 percent, a rate of population growth of 2 percent, and a rate of labor-augmenting tec..
As an owner of a visible U.S. business that is valued in the community, you are making a final decision regarding the international aspects of a business decision, and you decide to set up a table with various risks.
The City Council in Bigtown is considering removing the monopoly rights of Bigtown Cable TV, Inc. Bigtown Cable is arguing that the competition in the cable TV market will be chaotic and result in a loss of jobs. As the staff economist for the City C..
What is the profit-maximizing price and output level? Solve this algebraically for equilibrium P and Q and also plot the MC, D and MR curves and illustrate the equilibrium point.
A profit-maximizing monopolist produces an output level at which
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