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UDP and TCP use 16-bit 1s complement arithmetic to compute checksums. In this problem we investigate why. For simplicity we will work with 4-bit words. Let x = 1101, y = 1011, and z = 0110.(a) Reason 1: Incremental Update. Typically, after every hop at least one packet header field (e.g., a packet's time-to-live field) needs to be overwritten. Because the checksum is a simple complement of a 1s complement sum, it turns out that when, for instance, a packet's header x is updated to y, rather than recomputing the checksum from scratch, it su?ces to simply add x+y to the original checksum to compute the update. Suppose that packet [ x | z ] is updated to packet [ y | z ]. Verify, for the x, y, and z given above, that checksum{[ y | z ]} = checksum{[ x | z ]} + x + y,where "+" denotes 1s complement addition and y denotes the y complement.
(b) Reason 2: Endian Independence. Little endian computers store numbers with the least significant byte first (Intel processors for example). Big endian computers put the most significant byte first (IBM mainframes for example). It turns out, once again, that because the checksum is a simple complement of a 1s complement sum the checksum computation is endian independent (this is not true if 1s complement arithmetic is not used). Partition x and z as x = x1 x2 = 11 01 and z = z1 z2 = 01 10. Verify that checksum{[x1 x2|z1 z2]} = c1 c2 if and only if checksum{[x2 x1|z2 z1]} = c2 c1.
implement a circuit that generates VGA signals to draw a blue screen on your monitor in a resolution of 640x480. The following materials provide detailed descriptions of how VGA signals operate and some hints on how to design the VGA controller
In Astable multivibrator (using OP-AMP) and Butterworth 2nd order filter(using OP-AMP)(both high pass & low pass filter), both positive and negative feedback are given. But in Astable mutivibrator positive feedback dominates
Design an amplifier using a JFET and a 20V power supply. Calculate the required resistor and capacitor values for the circuit, assuming a minimum frequency of 10 Hz.
A temperature sensor measures from -44 f to 212 F with an output of 0-5 v. If an 8 bit ADC is used, what is the converter output for a temperature of 25 F
A 3-phase, 60 Hz supply and two 3-phase synchronous machines are available. Determine the speed, and a suitable number of poles, for each synchronous machine to provide: a) A 3-phase, 180 Hz supply. b) A 3-phase, 500 Hz supply.
A 1.80kg , horizontal, uniform tray is attached to a vertical ideal spring of force constant 195N/m and a 290g metal ball is in the tray. The spring is below the tray, so it can oscillate up-and-down.
A design problem: As we said earlier, the backbone of any design is ‘thorough analysis' of the problem or circuit at hand. We have analyzed above the voltage divider circuit. Utilizing the above analysis, determine R1 and R2 of a voltage divider c..
Using DC Operating point analysis in Multisim (DO NOT USE MULTIMETER INSTRUMENT-NO CREDIT) determine the emitter voltage and emitter current. Provide a screenshot of the results window.
Received power of half-wave dipole antennas, Assume that two antennas are half-wave dipoles and each has a directive gain of 3dB. If the transmitted power is 1W and the two antennas are separated by a distance of 10 km, what is the received power?
Given the following function in product-of-sums form, not necessarily minimized, F(W,X,Y,Z) = (W + X' + Y')(W' + Z')(W + Y), Re-express the function in the canonical sum-of-products form. Use little m notation.
Assume the initial state is unknown past with (z = 0). Implement the design in "Logicworks" and test for the properfunction. Use a binary switch to simulate the input. The output maybe implemented with a binary probe or an LED.
Two data streams are coming serially to a system. These two streams are carefully observed and if considering any three bits from each stream, we observe that these two input streams are equal ; the FSM gives a signal to an alarm system.
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