Reference no: EM133918030

Question

Roger is a 76-year-old male who has worsening of his left-sided heart failure.

He is very tired, coughs frequently, and he suffers from dyspnoea. His legs are swollen from the knee down, and he walks slowly.

His current observations and body size measurements are blood pressure of 135/85 mmHg; heart rate of 155 bpm; weight, 95 kg; height, 180 cm; and waist circumference of 104 cm.

His previous medical history is:

My ocardial in farction following occlusion of a branch of his left coronaryartery, age 68 years

Roger's fasting blood test results include:

Parameter Sodium Potassium Calcium Haemoglobin LDL

HDL Triglycerides Glucose

Roger's value

150 mmol/L 5.2 mmol/L 2.05 mmol/L 111 g/L

3.5 mmol/L 0.8 mmol/L 4.2 mmol/L 8.5 mmol/L

Reference range

135-145 mmol/L 3.5-5.0 mmol/L 2.15 - 2.60 mmol/L > 130 g/L

<2.0 mmol/L >1.0 mmol/L <2.0 mmol/L

1. Explain the pathophysiology underlying his respiratory symptoms (cough and dyspnoea).?

2. Identify the likely cause of his left-sided heart failure and explain the pathophysiology underlying this.?

3. Identify which of his signs or symptoms most likely suggests that he also has right-sided heart failure. Explain the causes and pathophysiology underlying his development of right-sided heart failure.?

4. Identify and discuss one contributing factor for his elevated heart rate.?

5. IdentifyifhisLDL, HDL, triglyceride levels, and his blood pressure are below /within/or above normal range. Explain how these results relate to his condition.?

5. Use the serum sodium, potassium, and calcium levels to identify and explain which other organ may be failing as a result of heart failure.?