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a) The characteristic symptoms of cholera are extensive loss of body fluids and Na+ through continuous debilitating diarrhea that can lead to severe dehydration. If untreated, the disease is often fatal. The underlying cause of the symptoms is the ADP-ribosylation of an arg residue on the a subunit of a GS protein by cholera toxin. Based on the above information, propose a normal function for cAMP in intestinal epithelial cells and suggest a possible treatment for cholera.
b) The physiological effects of epinephrine should in principle be mimicked by the addition of cAMP to target cells, however in practice such additions elicit little or no response. In contrast, when the structural analog dibutyryl cAMP is utilized in the same experiments the expected physiological response is readily apparent. (In dibutyryl cAMP, the 6-amino group of the purine ring is in an amide linkage and the 2' hydroxyl group is in an ester linkage with butyrate.) Explain the reason for divergent behavior of these structural analogs.
Scientists have found that early fish have lungs and then developed swim bladders. Today humans have lungs and not swim bladders. What is this phenomenon called?
For the fish model organism Medaka, genes at 2 loci B, b and R, r determine color of the fish. Estimate the expected phenotypic ratio of offpsring of cross betweena homozygous brown and homozygous white Medaka fish?
How do the terms organic and inorganic relate to the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem?
Each olfactory receptor gene is involved in detecting specific odors. However, humans are losing OR genes, while mice and other mammals have ~ 1500 such gene.
A nearsighted woman (Nn) with hazel eyes (Hh) marries the man with normal vision and hazel eyes (Hh). Their three children all have blue eyes and normal vision. What is the possibility that their next child will have blue eyes and be nearsight.
Describe in detail how the ribosome uses an mRNA to accurately synthesize a protein in eukaryotic cells.
How is DNA generally packaged inside organelles? DNA is packaged in membrane-bound vesicles within the organelles. DNA is anchored to the inner membrane of the organelle.
10) The rhomboid muscles are innervated by (the) A) Dorsal scapular nerve. B) Cervical nerves. C) Accessory nerve. D) Long thoracic nerve. E) None of the above.
Migration of a deleterious allele into a population can result in a stable equilibrium presence of that allele in the population. Discuss how the intensities of selection and migration influence that equilibrium. What would happen to the allele if..
Draw a diagram of the poly-adenylation process. How do we know that the Poly A tail is added post-transcriptionally?
Suppose that some sort of natural disaster eliminated all individuals with recessive phenotype. After remaining individuals recovered and repopulated their habitat,
The genome of a particular bacterium is approximately 4 million base pairs. If this bacterium can complete a round of DNA replication in 40 minutes, how fast must its replisome travel?
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