Reference no: EM133550263

Question 1: Section A

1. Explain how Leeuwenhoek's observations and Linnaeus's classification scheme led to the beginnings of microbiology.
2. Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea, molds and yeasts.
3. Identify characteristics of the following groups of eukaryotes: protozoa, fungi, algae, parasitic worms.
4. Describe viruses.
5. Describe how the work of Aristotle, Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, and Pasteur changed the study of microbiology.
6. Describe how the study of fermentation by Pasteur and Buchner led to the field of industrial microbiology
7. Describe the roles of Koch and Pasteur in proving that pathogens cause disease and the development of the germ theory of disease.
8. Describe the significance of the development of the Gram stain.
9. Describe how Semmelweis, Lister, Nightingale, and Snow contributed to the area of infection control and epidemiology.
10. Describe Jenner's and Pasteur's contributions to the field of immunology.
11. Describe Ehrlich's role in the development of chemotherapy.
12. List four major overarching questions being studied by modern microbiologists.

Question 2: Section B

1. Describe the normal components of an atom and give their charges.
2. Distinguish between and element and a compound.
3. Define and calculate atomic number, atomic mass, and isotopes when given sufficient data.
4. Distinguish between nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, and ionic bonds.
5. Distinguish between anions and cations, salts, and electrolytes.
6. Describe and identify hydrogen bonds.
7. Distinguish between reactants and products in chemical reactions.
8. Compare and contrast synthesis reactions (dehydration synthesis, endothermic reactions, anabolism) and decomposition reactions (hydrolysis, exothermic reactions, catabolism) and exchange reactions.
9. Define metabolism.
10. Compare and contrast acids and bases; describe the role of buffers.
11. Define the pH scale.
12. Distinguish monomers and polymers; explain the role of functional groups.
13. Describe and give examples of lipids), including fats (saturated and unsaturated, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids.
14. Describe and give examples of carbohydrates including monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
15. Describe the chemical and physical structure of proteins.
16. Describe the chemical and physical structure of nucleic acids.
17. Describe the structure and significance of ATP.

Question 3: Section C

1. List and describe the characteristics of life; list characteristics that are not present in viruses.
2. Describe characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes; list things both have in common and things that are present in eukaryotes and not in prokaryotes
3. Describe the structure and function of the following external structures of bacterial cells: glycocalyces (slime layers and capsules), flagella, fimbriae, and pili.
4. Compare and contrast Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell walls.
5. Describe the structure and function of the cytoplasmic membrane including the fluid mosaic model.
6. Predict the effect of a concentration gradient or electrical gradient on a selectively permeable membrane; distinguish hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions.
7. Compare and contrast passive diffusion (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis) and active diffusion.
8. Describe group translocation.
9. Describe the structure and function of the following structures in bacterial cytoplasm: cytosol, inclusions, nucleoid, ribosomes (and ribosomal DNA), and cytoskeleton.
10. Describe how the following structures in archaeal cells differ from those in bacterial cells: glycocalyces, flagella, cell walls, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
11. Describe the structure and function of the following external structures of eukaryotic cells: glycocalyces of animals and some protozoans and cell walls of fungi, plants, algae, and some protozoans.
12. Compare and contrast cytoplasmic membranes of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
13. Describe cell transport in eukaryotic cells.
14. Compare and contrast the following structures of eukaryotic cells with those of bacterial cells: flagella, ribosomes,
15. Describe the structure and function of the following structures of eukaryotic cells: cilia, cytoskeleton, centrioles, and centrosome.
16. Describe the structure and function of the following membranous structures of eukaryotic cells: nucleus (nucleoli, chromatin, nuclear pores, nuclear envelope), endoplasmic reticulum (RER and SER), Golgi body, vesicles, vacuoles lysosomes, peroxisomes.
17. Describe the structure and function of eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts.
18. Describe the endosymbiotic theory.

Question 4: Section D

1. Distinguish catabolism from anabolism and give examples of each.
2. Define oxidation and reduction.
3. Explain the role of NAD+, NADP+, and FAD in metabolic reactions.
4. Define and give an example of substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation.
5. Describe the structure and function of enzymes in metabolic reactions.
6. List the components of a holoenzyme.
7. Describe ways that heat, pH, and inhibition (competitive, noncompetitive, and feedback) can affect enzyme activity.
8. Describe the purpose and output of glycolysis; describe where it occurs within the cell.
9. Define cellular respiration.
10. Describe how pyruvic acid is "prepped" for the Kreb's Cycle.
11. Describe the purpose and output of the Kreb's Cycle; describe where it occurs within the cell.
12. Describe the purpose and output of the electron transport chain; describe where it occurs.
13. Describe the purpose and output of chemiosmosis; describe where it occurs.
14. Compare and contrast aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration; list the final electron acceptor for each.
15. Define and describe end products of fermentation.
16. Define photosynthesis and list the reactants and products of photosynthesis.
17. Describe the interdependence of respiration and photosynthesis.