Reference no: EM132735005

1. How do bacterial cells secrete proteins into their environments? Why does bacteria spend the time and energy to export proteins away from their cells? Explain how this may be beneficial to a pathogen, and to an environmental free-living organism.

2. Compare and contrast the structure of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell envelopes. Explain thestrengths and weaknesses of each kind of envelope.

3. Many environmental microbes cannot be cultured in laboratory broth or agar media. Why? Explain what might be different from "the wild".

4. Describe at least two antibiotic mechanisms of action in bacteria. Provide examples for all of the named mechanisms.

5. How do bacterial cells protect themselves from osmotic stress when the environment changes? Explain at least two mechanisms, one for hypertonic conditions, and another for hypotonic conditions.