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Many experiments in neuroscience are done using a technique called voltage clamping. In this technique, an experimenter can rapidly (within microseconds) control the voltage of the cell and measure the resultant electrical current that flows through various channels. The system will lock the voltage at the desired level regardless of the openings or closings of voltage-gated channels. The recordings thus reflect the summed total of thousands to millions of potassium, sodium and other ion-selective channels.
Imagine just the axon of a neuron voltage-clamped at -70 mV for 5 milliseconds, then %u201Cjumped%u201D to 0 mV for 5 ms, then jumped back to -70 mV. First, draw a diagram showing the voltage protocol that is being used. Next, draw in a separate diagram he summed electrical currents you would expect to see in this preparation. Be sure to label the axes. Then imagine that tetrodoxin, a toxin from puffer fish that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, is added. Draw on a separate diagram the electrical current one would expect to see in this condition using the same voltage protocol. Now, wash out the tetrodotoxin and add tetraethylammonium (TEA), that blocks voltage-gated potassium channels. Draw on a separate diagram the electrical current one would expect to see in this condition using the same voltage protocol. Finally, add both TTX and TEA and draw on a separate diagram the electrical current one would expect to see in this condition using the same voltage protocol.
If humans and shrews shared the common ancestor roughly 80 million years ago, ignoring multiple substitutions at the same site, how several amino acid differences have to be expecting to see between a human and shrew Fibrinogen B sequence.
A population of cats can be either black or white; the black allele has complete dominance over the white allele. Given a population of 1,000 cats.
In winter, plants exchange the saturated lipids in their membranes for unsaturated lipids. Unsaturated lipids are "bent" and keep the membranes more fluid since they cannot be stacked closely together. Of what benefit would this be for herbaceous pla..
A microcentrifuge tube with a final concentration of 0.25 mM ONPG contains 800 uL buffer, 100 uL ONPG, and 100 uL enzyme. What was the initial concentration of ONPG added to this tube?
Trace the pathway this particle would probably take while moving from outside the cell to inside. What organelles will it pass through? Where will it be located within these organelles.
Applications of Different Observational Study Designs' indicating for every objective under pertinent study design.
Assume you are studying fruit fly wing development. The wingless gene determines shape of wings. The phenotype associated with dominant allele, W, is normal wing development.
Consider the overall methods of birth control. What are the latest advances in birth control? There is a 5-year contraceptive implant for females.
How does the cell regulate it uptake of cholesterol through LDL? What is SREBP and how is it involved in this regulation?
Genes are necessary part of cells. However, much of our genome is composed of "junk DNA," and things that just do not work. One gene that does not work in humans is the LGGLO gene.
What is the frequency of heterozygotes (Aa) in a population in which the frequency of all dominant phenotypes is 0.25 and the population is in H-W equilibrium?
Describe how HIV is able to utilize host cell DNA machinery to replicate itself and ultimately infect new cells. In your discussion be sure to mention reverse transcriptase and the role of surface glycoproteins.
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