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At equilibrium, where DG=0, the equations can be rearranged to the more familiar form known as the Nernst equation:V = 2.3 (R T/zF) log10 (Co/Ci)For the questions below, assume that hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi proceeds with a DG of -12 kcal/mole; that is, ATP hydrolysis can drive active transport with a DG of +12 kcal/mole. Assume that V is -60 mVA. What is the maximum concentration gradient that can be achieved by the ATP-driven active transport into the cell of an uncharged molecule such as glucose, assuming that 1 ATP is hydrolyzed for each solute molecule that is transported.B. What is the maximum concentration gradient that can be achieved by active transport of Ca2+ from the inside to the outside of the cell? Howr does this maximum compare with the actual concentration gradient observed in mammalian cells which have 10-4 mM inside of the cells and 1-2 mM outside of the cells?C. Calculate how much energy it takes to drive the Na+-K* pump. This remark- able molecular device transports five ions for every molecule of ATP that is hydrolyzed: 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell. The pump typically maintains internal Na+ at 10 mM, external Na+ at 145 mM, internal K+ at 140 mM, and external K+ at 5 mM. We know that Na+ is transported against the membrane potential, whereas K+ is transported with it. (The DG for the overall reaction is equal to the sum of the DG values for transport of the individual ions.)D. How efficient is the Na+-K+ pump? That is, what fraction of the energy available from ATP hydrolysis is used to drive transport?
what are tow advantages of using genetic engineering to produce human proteins to treat disorders instead of animal or human sources.
explain Why is it advantageous for citrate the product of reaction 1 of the TCA, to inhibit phosphofructokinase, which catalyses the third reaction in glycolysis.
Suppose you are a geneticist and you're asked to examine the effects of a radiation leak that occurred at a facility in Iraq several years ago. How will you assess the level of mutations caused by this leak.
Mice are diploid with 2n=40. Determine how many chromosomes make up the genome and how many chromosomes would you expect to see in a mouse gamete.
Think back to the patterns of predator-prey cycling from Sections 2 and 3. Which of the three predator functional responses would you expect to be most likely to give stable populations, and why?
Enzymes are typically required to catalyze reactions that would be very unlikely to occur on their own. Suppose that the activation energy, Ea, for the uncatalyzed cheese reaction at 20C is 18kcal/mol.
The muscles that form the rotator cuff include the: biceps brachii and deltoid, subclavius, deltoid, and pectoralis minor.
Explain whether the inflammation a natural immune response? Explain if it is a bad thing? Why or why not? Describe in your own words the inflammatory process.
Suppose a fire hose ejects a stream of water at an angle of 38.8 ° above the horizontal. The water leaves the nozzle with a speed of 26.6 m/s.
How the DNA mutation leads to the manifestation of the disease. Can the mutated DNA be removed in order to cure the disease? Why or why not?
Determine the frequency of the heterozygous genotype if the homozygous genotype frequencies are .0025 (BB), 0.9025 (bb)?
Determine which unique characteristic of smooth muscle allows your stomach to streatch aas you eat and not contract immediatly to expel food?
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