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Nonpoint sources of pollution that contribute fecal bacteria to surface waters have proven difficult to identify. Knowledge of pollution sources could aid in restoration of the water quality, reduce the amounts of nutrients leaving watersheds, and reduce the dangers of infectious diseases resulting from exposure to contaminated waters. Patterns of antibiotic resistance in fecal streptococci were analyzed by discriminate and cluster analysis and used to identify sources of fecal pollution in a rural Virginia watershed. A database consisting of patterns from 7,058 fecal streptococcus isolates was first established from known human, livestock, and wildlife sources in Montgomery County, Va. Correct fecal streptococcus source identification averaged 87% for the entire database and ranged from 84% for deer isolates to 93% for human isolates_ To field test the method and database, a watershed improvement project (Page Brook) in Clarke County Va., was initiated in 1996. Comparison of 892 known-source isolates from that watershed against the database resulted in an average correct classification rate of 88%. Combining all animal isolates increased correct classification rates to 95% for separations between animal and human sources. Stream samples from three collection sites were highly contaminated, and fecal streptococci from these sites were classified as being predominantly from cattle (>78% of isolates), with small proportions from waterfowl, deer, and unidentified sources ( - 7% each). Based on these results, cattle access to the stream was restricted by installation of fencing and in-pasture watering stations. Fecal coliforms were reduced at the three sites by an avenge of 94%, from prefencing average populations of 15,900 per 100 ml to postfencing average populations of 960 per 100 ml. After fencing, <45% of fecal streptococcus isolates were classified as being from cattle. These results demonstrate that antibiotic resistance profiles in fecal streptococci can be used to reliably determine sources of fecal pollution, and water quality improvements can occur when efforts to address the identified sources are made.
You want to determine if the source of fecal contamination is from ally cows or wild deer. Which antibiotic would give you the most clear results and why? Why are so few waterfowl isolates resistant to antibiotics?
If a lipid raft is typically 70 nm in diameter and each lipid molecule has a diameter of 0.5 nm, about how many lipid molecules would there be in a lipid raft composed entirely of lipid?
What is ATP and What is its role in the functioning of cells? What is free energy and what does the change in free energy tell one about a chemical reaction? Chemical structure of Glucose and How many Carbon-Carbon and Carbon-Hydrogen bonds are th..
Compare the control of gene regulation in eukaryotes and prokaryotes at the level of initiation of transcription.
Some dogs bark when trailing, others are silent. The barking trait is due to a dominant gene. Erect ears are dominant to drooping ears. What kinds (phenotypes) of pups would you expect from a heterozygous erect-eared barker mated to a droop-eared,..
which of the following is the result of biological magnification?
What is the relationship between Kinesin and Dynein? How are they similar, and how do they differ?
Name three bodily fluids, besides blood serum, that might be used for immune testing. How do you know a reaction between specific antibody and antigen has occurred in an ELISA test
Compute the number of acetyl-SCoA molecules generated by complete? oxidation of a 12-carbon activated fatty acid.
One way of regulating eukaryotic gene expression is to control the life time of the messenger RNA. mRNA degradation occurs by different mechanisms.
Most of the endosperm is missing from Capsella seeds that contain the largest embryos. Discuss what happened to the endosperm in these seeds?
Determine which of the following statements describes the function of a chloroplast?
Explain the difference between the rate of transcription and the abundance of a transcript. What are the factors that determine each variable
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