Describe the importance of the contributions

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Reference no: EM133877944

Question 1. Define the following terms:

- Epidemiology

- Environmental epidemiology

- Descriptive epidemiology

- Natural experiments

- Prevalence

- Incidence

- Case fatality rate

- Odds ratio

- Relative risk

Question 2. What is meant by a cause in environmental epidemiology? Apply Hill's criteria of causality to an example of an association between a specific environmental exposure and health outcome.

Question 3. Explain the reason why studies of the health effects of smoking among individuals who smoke would not be a concern of environmental epidemiology. Explain the reason why exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke is a concern of this discipline.

Question 4. Define the following terms and discuss how each affects the validity of epidemiologic study designs:

- Bias

- Confounding

- Latency period

- Exposure assessment

Question 5. List the reasons why epidemiology is important to research studies of environmental health. What are some of the important limitations of the epidemiologic approach with respect to the study of environmental health problems?

Question 6. Explain why epidemiology sometimes is called "population medicine." State how epidemiology contrasts with clinical medicine.

Question 7. Explain the difference between descriptive and analytic epidemiology. Give examples of how both types of study design are utilized in the field of environmental health.

Question 8. What does early epidemiology (e.g., Hippocrates) share in common with contemporary epidemiology in terms of examining the causality of health problems?

Question 9. Describe the importance of the contributions of Sir Percival Pott to environmental health, particularly in the area of cancer prevention. Hire best assignment help and experienced tutors now!

Question 10. Explain the work of John Snow using the methodology of the natural experiment.

Question 11. Name the study designs that are used for hypothesis testing and those that are used for generating hypotheses.

Question 12. Explain why most studies conducted in the field of environmental epidemiology are nonexperimental.

Question 13. Explain how ecologic analysis is used to study the health effects of air pollution. Give examples of uncontrolled factors that may affect ecologic study results.

Question 14. Explain why cross-sectional studies are defined as prevalence studies. Give an example of a cross-sectional study.

Question 15. Explain why cohort studies are an improvement over case-control studies with respect to measurement of exposure data.

Reference no: EM133877944

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