Describe the fundamental concepts of pain

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Reference no: EM133563861

Pain Management

Describe the fundamental concepts of pain including the types of pain, the four processes of nociception, and neuropathic pain.
List the first-line agents from the three groups of analgesic agents.
Identify the unique effects of select analgesic agents on older adults.
Describe practical nonpharmacologic methods that can be used in the clinical setting in patients with pain.
Use the nursing process as a framework for care of the patient with pain.
Chapter 10 - Fluid & Electrolytes: Balance & Disturbance

*Review Interactive Tutorial - 'Fluids & Electrolytes' in CoursePoint

1. What is third spacing?

b. What are some common causes and symptoms that are seen when this occurs in the body?

Need to know the normal ranges for: K, Na, Cl, Ca, Phos, Mag.
What are some signs & symptoms of fluid volume deficit?
What is the recommended treatment for patients who are fluid volume deficient?
What are some signs & symptoms of fluid volume excess?
Fluid volume excess can lead to which complications?
Patients with which medical conditions are most at risk for fluid volume excess?
Compare & contrast risk factors, assessment findings, and nursing care for hypo & hyper:
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorus
We are most concerned with the cardiac abnormalities & arrhythmias that usually occur when there is an imbalance in which electrolyte?
Use of which frequently used class of medication puts patients at risk for hypokalemia?
Is there a way to prevent this?
If so, how?
A patient would present with a positive Chvostek & Trousseau sign if they were deficient in which two electrolytes?
Due to muscle weakness, parasthesias, & reflex abnormalities that can occur in the presence of many various electrolyte imbalances, these patients should be placed on which types of precautions while hospitalized?
Name some foods that are high in the electrolytes listed below, which should be recommended for patients who are deficient in these electrolytes:
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Plan effective care of patients with the following imbalances: fluid volume deficit and fluid volume excess, sodium deficit (hyponatremia) and sodium excess (hypernatremia), and potassium deficit (hypokalemia) and potassium excess (hyperkalemia).
Describe the cause, clinical manifestations, management, and nursing interventions for the following imbalances: calcium deficit (hypocalcemia) and calcium excess (hypercalcemia), magnesium deficit (hypomagnesemia) and magnesium excess (hypermagnesemia), phosphorus deficit (hypophosphatemia) and phosphorus excess (hyperphosphatemia), and chloride deficit (hypochloremia) and chloride excess (hyperchloremia).
Interpret arterial blood gas measurements. What are normal pH, bicarbonate (HCO3), and PaCO2 levels?
'Metabolic' acidosis or alkalosis is seen when there is an imbalance in the pH & ___________.
'Respiratory' acidosis or alkalosis is seen when there is an imbalance in the pH & __________.
Differentiate between osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and active transport.
Describe the role of the kidneys, lungs, and endocrine glands in regulating the body's fluid composition and volume.
Explain the roles of the lungs, kidneys, and chemical buffers in maintaining acid-base balance; and compare metabolic as well as respiratory acidosis and alkalosis with regard to causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management.

Reference no: EM133563861

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