Reference no: EM133486999
Question
1. For his study, Chris defines creativity as the number of unique ways that preschoolers can use a set of empty cardboard boxes to complete specific tasks. Chris has developed a _____ definition for his research.
a) theoretical
b) convergent
c) construct
d) operational
2. Attribution is an example of a(n) _____, an abstract concept defined theoretically, which we cannot directly observe but must infer from an individual's behavior.
a) operationalization
b) metric
c) construct
d) factor
3. All of the following are key ideas in the APA Code of Ethics, EXCEPT:
a) With very few exceptions, participants must give informed consent before volunteering.
b) Researchers must strive to minimize harm to subjects while conducting useful research.
c) Participants must be debriefed at the end of a study.
d) Once participants give consent, they may be prevented from leaving until a task is done.
4. Which of the following statements accurately describes the APA's position on deception in research?
a) Deception is absolutely unethical and may not be used in any research study under any circumstances.
b) Deception is acceptable under any circumstances, even in a situation that is likely to cause pain or distress.
c) Deception should be limited to the minimum necessary if the study cannot reasonably be done another way.
d) Researchers should use deception thoughtfully, but do not need to have it approved through an IRB.
5. A behavioral measurement is _____ if its outcomes are repeatable when the behavior is measured again - in other words, if the measurement is consistent over time.
a) credible
b) valid
c) reliable
d) confirmable
6. A behavioral measurement is _____ if researchers can show that it actually measures what it claims to measure - in other words, if the measurement reflects what we want to measure.
a) valid
b) credible
c) reliable
d) confirmable
7. Researchers use _____ statistics to summarize data from a sample of participants, including measures of central tendency, variability, and association.
a) descriptive
b) applied
c) inferential
d) basic
8. A researcher hypothesized that students who read emotionally-charged words would remember more of them than students who read emotionally-neutral words. After collecting data, the researcher ran a t test with the following results: t (98) = 2.36, p = .02. Based on this outcome and a .05 significance level, the researcher should:
a) reject the research hypothesis
b) reject the null hypothesis
c) fail to reject the research hypothesis
d) fail to reject the null hypothesis
9. An experiment is a research study in which the researcher:
a) compares the behavior of two groups of people.
b) uses any type of method.
c) observes and measures behaviors without manipulating or controlling any variables.
d) manipulates independent variables while controlling for extraneous variables.
10. An experiment MUST include at least _____ level(s) of _____ independent variable(s).
a) two; one
b) two; two
c) one; one
d) one; two
11. In 1976, Ed Diener published an experiment on trick-or-treating behavior in children. He tested the effects of anonymity on children's willingness to misbehave and steal extra candy. In this study, what was the independent variable?
a) None of these options
b) Trick-or-treating
c) Children's anonymity
d) Stealing extra candy
12. An experiment has good _____ validity when the researchers have carefully controlled all the variables, so that we can be confident that there are no confounds and we can clearly detect the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
a) construct
b) external
c) internal
d) statistical conclusion
13. An experiment has good _____ validity when the researcher can generalize the results to other kinds of people in other settings beyond the original experiment.
a) external
b) internal
c) construct
d) statistical conclusion
14. Jeannie is studying the effects of attraction on impression formation. She assigns each of her participants to one level of the independent variable, so that different groups of participants experience different conditions. Jeannie is using a _____ design.
a) repeated measures
b) within-subjects
c) factorial
d) between-subjects
15. Random assignment and matching are techniques that used to:
a) create equivalent groups in a between-subjects design.
b) counterbalance conditions in a within-subjects design.
c) reduce sequence effects in a repeated measures design.
d) minimize participant reactivity in any type of research design.
16. Researchers know that participants may change their behavior to make it align with the researcher's expectations and support their hypotheses. This tendency for participants to be unusually helpful and cooperative is called the ____ effect.
a) demand characteristic
b) evaluation apprehension
c) Hawthorne
d) good participant
17. Fred has designed a simple experiment with two levels of one independent variable. He will use a between-subjects design with random assignment to create equivalent groups. How would you describe this design?
a) Independent groups, single factor, two-level design
b) Repeated measures, single factor, two-level design
c) Matched groups, single-factor, multilevel design
d) Repeated measures, factorial design
18. In a 4x2x3 factorial design, how many independent variables are there?
a) 4
b) 24
c) 2
d) 3
19. How do we decide whether to use a t test or an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to analyze the data from an experiment?
a) A t test can only analyze two sets of data; an ANOVA can analyze multiple sets of data.
b) An ANOVA can only analyze two sets of data; a t test can analyze multiple sets of data.
c) A t test can only analyze nominal data; an ANOVA can only analyze interval data.
d) An ANOVA can only analyze nominal data; a t test can only analyze interval data.