Reference no: EM133297458

Vitamins

• Define vitamins and explain how scientists determine whether a substance is a vitamin.
• Classify vitamins according to whether they are fat-soluble or water-soluble.
• Identify ways to conserve the vitamin content of foods or increase vitamin bioavailability. Calculate the bioavailability of calcium based on maximum intake, source, and absorption rate.
• Explain the function of an antioxidant and name good food sources.
• Describe the major functions of each fat-soluble vitamin and identify health problems associated with excesses and deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins.
• Identify the major functions and symptoms of excesses and deficiencies of each water-soluble vitamin. 
• Evaluate the use of vitamin supplements concerning their potential health benefits and hazards.

Minerals and Water

• Explain the role of electrolytes and what can happen when dehydration occurs.
• Classify and explain mineral nutrients as major, trace, or possible essential minerals.
• List the functions of water in the body, as well as typical sources of intake and loss, and explain how the body maintains its water balance.
• Identify the general functions of minerals in the body and discuss factors that influence the body's ability to absorb and use minerals.
• Describe factors that can affect the retention of minerals during food preparation.
• Discuss deficiency and toxicity disorders associated with the major & trace minerals.
• Identify natural sources of water and bottled water, and discuss the roles of the FDA and the EPA in regulating water safety in the U.S.

Metabolism

• Define metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism and give an example of each
• Identify the four basic units, derived from foods, used by the body in metabolic transformations and list the steps in the metabolism of each
• Define aerobic and anaerobic metabolism and discuss the role of oxygen in these two processes
• Explain how the body disposes of excess nitrogen.
• Explain how ATP is used by cells as an energy source
• Describe the overall result in terms of molecules produced during the chemical breakdown of glucose by glycolysis
• Explain how a circular pathway, such as the citric acid cycle, fundamentally differs from a linear biochemical pathway, such as glycolysis
• Discuss how carbohydrate metabolic pathways, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle interrelate with protein and lipid metabolic pathways