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1) Sensitivity is:A. The probability that a test correctly classifies as positive those who have preclinical disease. B. The probability that a test correctly classifies individuals without preclinical disease as negativeC. The probability that those who test positive have the preclinical diseaseD. The probability that those who test negative do not have the preclinical disease2) Specificity is: A. The probability that a test correctly classifies as positive those who have preclinical disease. B. The probability that a test correctly classifies individuals without preclinical disease as negativeC. The probability that those who test positive have the preclinical diseaseD. The probability that those who test negative do not have the preclinical diseaseA screening examination was performed on 250 persons for Factor X, which is found in disease Y. A definitive diagnosis for disease Y among the 250 persons had been obtained previously. The results are charted below:RESULTS OF DIAGNOSISTEST RESULTS Disease Y Present Disease Y AbsentPositive for Factor X 40 60Negative for Factor X 10 1403) The sensitivity of this test is expressed as: A. 40%B. 70%C. 29%D. 80% 4) The specificity of this test is expressed as: A. 40%B. 70%C. 7%D. 80%5) The positive predictive value of this test is:A. 40% B. 70%C. 7%D. 80%6) The negative predictive value of this test is:A. 40%B. 70%C. 93%D. 80%7) If the same screening test is conducted in two populations, one with a high prevalence of the disease and one with a low prevalence of the disease, assuming the sensitivity and specificity of the screening test are the same, which of the following statements about positive predictive value (PPV) applies:A. PPV is higher in the screened population with higher prevalence B. PPV is lower in the screened population with higher prevalence C. PPV is the same in both populationsD. It cannot be determined8) Lead time bias can be described as: A. An apparently lower survival rate among persons screened compared to an unscreened group.B. A bias that occurs because screening tends to identify cases with less aggressive forms of the diseaseC. A similar survival time for persons identified during a screening program relative to persons who are diagnosed by clinical symptoms.D. An apparently longer survival time among those identified during a screening program because they were identified at an earlier stage of their disease 9) Length-Bias can be described as: A. An apparently lower survival rate among persons screened compared to an unscreened group.B. A bias that occurs because screening tends to identify cases with less aggressive forms of the disease C. A similar survival time for persons identified during a screening program relative to persons who are diagnosed by clinical symptoms.D. An apparently longer survival time among those identified during a screening program because they were identified at an earlier stage of their diseaseA new screening test for a disease is developed for use in the general population. The sensitivity and specificity of the new test are 60% and 70%, respectively. Four hundred (400) people are screened at a clinic during the first year the new test is implemented. (Assume the true prevalence of the disease among clinic attendees is 10%.)Calculate the following values:10) The predictive value of a positive test is: A. 13.3%B. 18.2% C. 24%D. 22.2%11) The number of false positives is: A. 108 B. 132C. 24D. 252
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Utilizing data obtained from the county or state health department, or other government agency, provide some statistical information about your selected population (e.g. size, dollar figures, geographics, age breakdown, length of service provision, e..
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The ethics checklist provided in the textbook was created by Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart to aid business managers in finding solutions to difficult ethical problems.
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