Reference no: EM13925071

Set 1

Question 1. When faced with the complaint that utilitarianism is a doctrine worthy of pigs, Mill responds that pleasures differ in:

• purity
• quality 
• species
• weight.

Question 2. What does Peter Singer say about the history of liberation movements?

• They tend to become narrower in scope ... zeroing in on the exact class that deserves moral consideration.
• They tend to become wider in scope ... with people learning to apply moral principles to groups previously not considered.
• They tend to become more discriminatory ... giving fewer and fewer rights to the less privileged.
• They tend to discover that the original concepts in the past were superior and it is a mistake to veer from traditional wisdom.

Question 3. Which of the following does not describe how egg-laying hens are treated in factory farms?

• They are allowed to scratch through dirt and grass looking for seeds and bugs in the fresh open air.
• They are kept in such tight confinement that they cannot lift their wings
• They are starved into a period of 'forced molting'
• They have their beaks painfully seared off

Question 4. What moral theory does Jeremy Bentham (with whom Singer seems to agree) endorse?

• Moral relativism
• Anarchism
• Utilitarianism
• Social Contract Theory

Question 5. Which of the following statements is the strongest evidence that the person saying it is a utilitarian?

• Ginny: "Violations of rights are very serious, from the moral point of view."
• Helen: "I agree. It is always immoral to violate someone's rights."
• Ginny: "Well, I wouldn't say 'always'. It's o.k. to violate rights whenever the good you can produce by doing so outweighs the harm you do by violating the person's rights."
• Kate: "I disagree with both of you. The notion of rights is just a mechanism for the lesser members of society to maintain control over those capable of greatness."

Question 6. According to Tom Regan, which of the following should compel us to accept the equal rights of animals?

• Sentiment - our feelings for the welfare of animals
• Law - legal regulations requiring us to respect the rights of animals
• Reason - this theory has the best reasons on its side
• Religion - the laws of God mandate human compassion

Question 7. The philosopher John Stuart Mill recognized the following as a potential problem for utilitarianism

• It holds people to standards that are too high.
• It may lead to increased liberty and justice.
• It may result in a tyranny of the majority
• It may lead people to think independently of religious authority.

Question 8. According to John Stuart Mill, utilitarianism takes into account the happiness of:

• only the agent.
• only the agent and those the agent cares about.
• everyone, but weights the happiness of the agent more heavily.
• everyone, and weights everyone's happiness equally.

Question 9. Which of the following does Peter Singer assert about the principle of equality?

• People should have equal rights because they are factually equal.
• People with higher abilities, it stands to reason, should have greater rights.
• Different groups of humans should have equal rights if scientific investigation proves that there are no genetic differences in their abilities.
• It is a prescription that we should treat people equally regardless of their differing abilities.

Question 10. According to Mill, utilitarian morality holds that:

• If each individual strives to maximize their own happiness, the happiness of all will follow.
• Each individual is required to sacrifice their own individual happiness for the happiness of all.
• With the right social arrangements and education, individuals can come to associate their own individual happiness with the happiness of all.
• Neither the happiness of the individual nor the happiness of all is worth pursuing, since neither is attainable in this life.

Question 11. What does Singer say about other philosophers' attempts to argue that only humans have moral worth?

• That they give a good way to determine who has rights in a way that includes all humans and no animals
• That they all say that animals should have rights too
• That they come up with unjustified methods to include all humans while excluding all animals from moral consideration
• That animals do not have rights because they are not as smart as humans are

Question 12. Which of the following makes it difficult to calculate the utility of an act

• the time frame of the consequences
• disagreements about the meaning of pleasure or happiness
• determining what constitutes the greatest good
• all of the above

Question 13. Which of the following does Tom Regan say about the utilitarian approach to animal ethics?

• It is inadequate because it does not give value to individuals but only to their feelings
• It is perfect because it does not allow for discrimination based upon morally irrelevant attributes like race or species
• It is wrong because it treats human suffering as more important than animal suffering
• It ignores everything that does not have enough 'utility' and therefore does not take into account important things that it does not consider 'useful'

Question 14. According to Jeremy Bentham (as described by Singer) what should determine whether a being's interests should be taken into account?

• Whether they have the faculty of discourse
• Whether they can reason
• Whether they can suffer
• Whether they are capable of love

Question 15. What is Peter Singer's point about performing vivisection on mentally disabled human infants?

• That if we say that it would be wrong to perform experiments on such humans but not on non-humans then we are showing bias based upon species alone
• That a good speciesist would not perform experiments on any being
• That we should test upon mentally disabled human infants because the results would be more reliable than tests on animal
• That anyone who would consider testing on a human infant is a monster

Question 16. Tom Regan's view of animals is that

• They are important but not quite as important as human beings
• They have rights, which means that they should never be used for human purposes
• They may be ethically used because they were bred and raised for that purpose
• That they may be eaten because do not have souls like we do and are lower on the food chain

Question 17. How do we determine the difference between higher and lower pleasures, according to Mill?

• The relative duration and intensity.
• The preference of those who are acquainted with both.
• The amount of happiness they produce on average.
• We can't, since there is no difference between pleasures.

Question 18. What does Singer say about finding the basis for moral duties in the "intrinsic dignity" of humanity?

• That God ordained humanity to be the top of the "great chain of being"
• That mankind is the most important species because it is the most intelligent
• That dolphins have actually been shown to be more intelligent than humans in many respects
• That such fine phrases are a last resort for philosophers who cannot find a distinction that gives humans worth while denying it to all other species

Question 19. What is Tom Regan's position about the use of animals in research and agriculture?

• Animals should be used whenever it can be proven that the human benefits outweigh the harms caused to the animals
• Animals should never be used for medical research or commercial agriculture
• Animals should only be used for medical research shown to be beneficial to humanity, never for agriculture
• Animals should be used in both medical research and agriculture but should be treated as humanely as possible

Question 20. What is Tom Regan's main criticism of the contractarian approach to ethical duties?

• It works fine for humans without problems, but it has not yet been applied to animals
• It ignores the importance of pain and suffering when it comes to ethics
• It would allow all kinds of human injustice if a stronger group is able to oppress the members of a weaker group of people
• He does not criticize it; he things that contractarianism, if properly understood, represents the most rational approach to ethical problems

Set 2

Question 1. The philosopher John Stuart Mill recognized the following as a potential problem for utilitarianism

• It holds people to standards that are too high.
• It may lead to increased liberty and justice.
• It may result in a tyranny of the majority
• It may lead people to think independently of religious authority. 

Question 2. What, according to Tom Regan, is the contractarian approach to ethics?

• The view that individuals have rights because of a set of rules that they agree to follow, as with agreeing to the terms of a contract
• The view that all animals have rights because of the agreements that we have made (or should make) with them
• The view that what is morally relevant is the pain and suffering that an animal endures when we mistreat it
• The view that all humans have equal rights independent of particular abilities

Question 3. According to the video "Meet Your Meat", which of the following is not true of how animals are slaughtered on factory farms

• They are driven in extreme weather conditions without food or water
• They are often still conscious while being slaughtered
• They are often roughly handled and severely injured by the time they make it to slaughter
• They are ensured every means of avoiding fear and stress during the slaughtering process.

Question 4. Which of the following does not describe how egg-laying hens are treated in factory farms?

• They are allowed to scratch through dirt and grass looking for seeds and bugs in the fresh open air.
• They are kept in such tight confinement that they cannot lift their wings
• They are starved into a period of 'forced molting'
• They have their beaks painfully seared off

Question 5. How do we determine the difference between higher and lower pleasures, according to Mill?

• The relative duration and intensity.
• The preference of those who are acquainted with both.
• The amount of happiness they produce on average.
• We can't, since there is no difference between pleasures. 

Question 6. What moral theory does Jeremy Bentham (with whom Singer seems to agree) endorse?

• Moral relativism
• Anarchism
• Utilitarianism
• Social Contract Theory

Question 7. Which of the following does Tom Regan say about the utilitarian approach to animal ethics?

• It is inadequate because it does not give value to individuals but only to their feelings
• It is perfect because it does not allow for discrimination based upon morally irrelevant attributes like race or species
• It is wrong because it treats human suffering as more important than animal suffering
• It ignores everything that does not have enough 'utility' and therefore does not take into account important things that it does not consider 'useful'

Question 8. What happens to the offspring of dairy cows, according to the video "Meet Your Meat"?

• They are taken away at a young age
• They stay with their mothers until a healthy age
• They are placed in animal sanctuaries
• They go to pasture to become breeders

Question 9. Utilitarianism is a form of what broader kind of ethical theory?

• deontological
• consequentialist
• trolly problematic
• egoistical

Question 10. Which of the following does not happen in the "Meet Your Meat" to animals with diseases or injuries on modern factory farms:

• The meat is allowed to be "USDA pure"
• They are killed for growing too slowly
• They are generally given immediate veterinary attention
• They are taken to slaughter anyway

Question 11. What is the point of Regan's discussion about Aunt Bea and utilitarianism's respect for human life?

• Utilitarianism feels that human life is paramount and not to be sacrificed under any circumstance
• Utilitarianism would say that God's law that "thou shalt not kill" will have very few exceptions
• Utilitarianism says that human life has not much value at all, a person can be killed for relatively minor reasons, like stealing their money
• Because utilitarianism is aggregative, one individual's right to life can be overridden in order to save many other people's lives

Question 12. When faced with the complaint that utilitarianism is a doctrine worthy of pigs, Mill responds that pleasures differ in:

• purity.
• quality.
• species.
• weight.

Question 13. According to Mill, utilitarian morality holds that:

• If each individual strives to maximize their own happiness, the happiness of all will follow.
• Each individual is required to sacrifice their own individual happiness for the happiness of all.
• With the right social arrangements and education, individuals can come to associate their own individual happiness with the happiness of all.
• Neither the happiness of the individual nor the happiness of all is worth pursuing, since neither is attainable in this life. 

Question 14. What does Tom Regan say is the source of inherent value in an individual?

• Individuals have equal inherent value by virtue of being experiencing subjects of a life, i.e. conscious beings whose lives matter to them
• We have equal inherent value if we are able to experience pain and pleasure, suffering and misery
• We do not all have inherent value; only those that live and abide by moral principles have inherent worth
• Different societies have different views about what is right and wrong, so the 'inherent value' of individuals is relative

Question 15. Which of the following does Peter Singer assert about the principle of equality?

• People should have equal rights because they are factually equal.
• People with higher abilities, it stands to reason, should have greater rights.
• Different groups of humans should have equal rights if scientific investigation proves that there are no genetic differences in their abilities.
• It is a prescription that we should treat people equally regardless of their differing abilities.

Question 16. Tom Regan's view of animals is that

• They are important but not quite as important as human beings
• They have rights, which means that they should never be used for human purposes
• They may be ethically used because they were bred and raised for that purpose
• That they may be eaten because do not have souls like we do and are lower on the food chain

Question 17. Which of the following makes it difficult to calculate the utility of an act?

• the time frame of the consequences
• disagreements about the meaning of pleasure or happiness
• determining what constitutes the greatest good
• all of the above

Question 18. What does Singer say about finding the basis for moral duties in the "intrinsic dignity" of humanity?

• That God ordained humanity to be the top of the "great chain of being"
• That mankind is the most important species because it is the most intelligent
• That dolphins have actually been shown to be more intelligent than humans in many respects
• That such fine phrases are a last resort for philosophers who cannot find a distinction that gives humans worth while denying it to all other species

Question 19. What does Tom Regan say about the cruelty/kindness approach to animal ethics?

• The best way to explain animal ethics is in terms of our obligation to be kind and not cruel to animals
• It is inadequate because it is possible to do wrong while being kind, and it is possible to do wrong without being deliberately cruel
• It has no relevance to animal ethics because animals are cruel to each other
• You have to be cruel to be kind, in the right measure

Question 20 According to Tom Regan, which of the following should compel us to accept the equal rights of animals?

• Sentiment - our feelings for the welfare of animals
• Law - legal regulations requiring us to respect the rights of animals
• Reason - this theory has the best reasons on its side
• Religion - the laws of God mandate human compassion