Internet Protocol
Special Addresses: As we know There are some special IP addresses:
1. Broadcast Addresses: They are of two kinds:
(i) Limited Broadcast : It consists of all 1's, that is the address is 255.255.255.255 . It is used only on the LAN, and not for any outer network.
(ii) Directed Broadcast: It consists of the network number and all other bits as ones. It reaches the router equivalent to the network number, and from there it broadcasts to every nodes in the network. This technique is a major security problem, and is not used anymore. As a result now if we find that all the bits are one in the host number. field, then the packet is just dropped. So, now we can only do broadcast in our own network using Limited Broadcast.
2. Network ID = 0
It shows that we are referring to this network and for local broadcast we can build the host ID 0.
3. Host ID = 0
This can be used to refer to the entire network in the routing table.
4. Loop-back Address
Here we have addresses of the type 127.a.b.c It goes down way upto the IP layer and return back to the application layer on the same host. This can be used to test network applications before they are used commercially.
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