Disinfectants: The chemical substances which are used to kill microorganisms but they cannot be applied on living tissues are called disinfectants. Therefore, disinfectants also kill micro organisms but these are not safe for living tissues. Disinfectants play a main part in water treatment and in public health sanitation. These are mainly applied to inanimate objects such as instruments, floors etc.
The same substance can act as disinfectant as well as antiseptic depending upon its concentration. For example, a 0.2% solution of phenol acts as antiseptic and its 1% solution acts as disinfectant.
The common examples are,
(a) Cl2 is used for making water fit for drinking at a concentration 0.2 to 0.4 ppm.
(b) Dettol is an antiseptic. It is a mixture of chloroxylenol and terpeneol in a appropriate solvent. Chloroxylenol has both disinfectant and antiseptic properties.
(c) Bithional is antiseptic which is usually added to medicated soaps to reduce the odour produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin.
(d) Iodine is powerful antiseptic. It is needed as a tincture of iodine which is 2-3% iodine solution of alcohol-water.
(e) Short concentrations of sulphur dioxide are used for sterilizing and preservation of squashes.
(f) A dilute aqueous solution of boric acid is used as a weak antiseptic for eyes. It also creates a fraction of antiseptic baby talcum powders.
(g) Iodoform is also needed as an antiseptic powder for wounds.
(h) Hydrogen peroxide is also needed as non-irritating strong antiseptic.
(i) Hexachlorophene is mainly used in creams, emulsions, soaps and dusting powders.
(j) Amyl metacresol (5-methyl-2-pentyl phenol) is an antiseptic which is used commonly as a mouthwash or gargles in infections of the mouth and throat.
(k) A naturally happening phenol derivative, thymol is used as a powerful disinfectant than phenol.
(l) Some organic dyes are also effective antiseptics. These are used for the handling of infectious diseases. The general types of antiseptic dyes are gention violet and methylene blue.
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