Aromatic Nitro Compounds

         Aromatic nitro elements are the derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atom (s) of the benzene nucleus has been replaced by nitro (- NO₂) group.

         (1) Preparation

         (i) Nitration (Direct method) : The number of - NO₂ groups introduced in benzene nucleus depends upon the nature and concentration of the nitrating agent, temperature of nitration and nature of the compound to be nitrated.

         (a) The nature of the nitrating agent : For example,

         (b) Temperature of nitration : For example,

         (c) Nature of the compound to be nitrated : Presence of electron-releasing group like -OH, -NH₂,  -CH₃, -OR, etc., in the nucleus facilitates nitration. Thus aromatic compounds bearing these groups (i.e. phenol, aniline, toluene, etc.) can be nitrated readily as compared to benzene. Thus benzene is not affected by dilute HNO₃ while phenol, aniline and toluene forms the corresponding ortho- and para-nitro compounds.

         On the other hand, nitration of aromatic compounds having electron withdrawing groups like - NO₂, - SO₃ H requires powerful nitrating agent (like fuming HNO₃ + conc. H₂SO₄) and a high temperature.

         (ii) Indirect method : The aromatic nitro compounds which cannot be prepared by direct method may be prepared from the corresponding amino compound.

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