Kinematic chain related to an assembly of rigid bodies connected by joints that is the mathematical model for a mechanical system. As in the familiar use of the word chain, the rigid bodies, or links, are constrained by their connections to other links. An example is the simple open chain formed by links connected in series, like the usual chain, which is the kinematic model for a typical robot manipulator.

Mathematical models of the connections, or joints, among two links are termed kinematic pairs. Kinematic pairs model the hinged and sliding joints fundamental to robotics, often known as lower pairs and the surface contact joints critical to cams and gearing, known as higher pairs. These joints are generally modeled as holonomic constraints. A kinematic diagram is a schematic of the mechanical system that shows the kinematic chain.

The modern use of kinematic chains includes compliance that arises from flexure joints in precision mechanisms, link compliance in compliant mechanisms and micro-electro-mechanical systems, and cable compliance in cable robotic and tense grity systems.