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What is data independence?
Data Independence: Techniques which permit data to be changed without affecting the applications in which procedure it. There are two types of data independence. The first type is data independence for data that is accomplished in a database management system (DBMS). It permits the database to be structurally changed without affecting most existing programs. Programs access data in a DBMS through field and are concerned with just the data fields they use, not the format of the finished record. Therefore, when the record layout is updated (fields added, deleted or changed in size), the only programs which must be changed are those in which use those new fields.
Define According to the levels of abstraction, the schema at the intermediate level is called Ans: As per to the levels of abstraction, the schema at the intermediate level is
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System R was developed and designed over a period of 1974-79 at IBM San Jose Research Company. Its purpose was to illustrate that it is possible to create a Relational System tha
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Support by Adding Indexes Multiple indexes can be used to access a data file by multiple access paths. In such a scheme only single copy of the data is consider, only the numbe
deffine class&object
Mention various steps required to draw an E-R Diagram. Draw an E-R Diagram for Student Information System. Mention all suitable assumptions to justify your answer.
WHY SHOULD NULL IN A RELATION BE AVOID AS possible?
What is data independence? Data Independence: Techniques which permit data to be changed without affecting the applications in which procedure it. There are two types of data
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