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Using %TYPEThe %TYPE attribute gives the datatype of a variable or the database column. In the example below, the %TYPE gives the datatype of a variable:credit REAL(7,2);debit credit%TYPE;The Variables declared using %TYPE is treated such as those declared using a datatype specifier. For example, given the earlier declarations, the PL/SQL treats debit such as REAL (7, 2) variable. The later example shows that a %TYPE declaration can involve an initialization clause:balance NUMBER(7,2);minimum_balance balance%TYPE := 10.00;The %TYPE attribute is mainly useful when declaring a variable which refer to a database columns. You can reference a table & column, or you can reference an owner, column, table, and as inmy_dname scott.dept.dname%TYPE;Using the %TYPE to declare my_dname has two merits. Firstly, you do not require knowing the exact datatype of dname. Secondly, when the database definition of the dname changes, the datatype of my_dname change accordingly at the run time.
Write a query to find academics that are authors and that have only ever coauthored papers with authors from institutes in the same state as their own. List their academic number,
EXIT-WHEN The EXIT-WHEN statement permits a loop to complete conditionally. Whenever the EXIT statement is encountered, the condition in the WHEN clause is computed. When the co
Question 1 . Compare SQL and PL/SQL Question 2 . Write a database trigger to implement the following check condition Given the following table
Using EXTEND To enlarge the size of a collection, use EXTEND. This process has 3 forms. The EXTEND appends one null element to a collection. And the EXTEND(n) appends n null e
Positional Notation The first procedure call uses the positional notation. The PL/SQL compiler relates the first actual parameter, account, with the first proper parameter, ac
Declaring Exceptions The Exceptions can be declared only in the declarative part of the PL/SQL subprogram, block, or package. By introducing its name, you can declare an excep
Blocks: The fundamental program unit in the PL/SQL is the block. The PL/SQL block is defined by the keywords BEGIN, DECLARE, EXCEPTION, and END. These keywords partition the b
Using a Join on 2 tables, select all columns and all rows from the tables without the use of a Cartesian product. Query: SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE1 JOIN CONTRACT ON EMPLOYEE
Use of Table Comparisons - SQL Table comparisons where it is noted that although table expressions cannot be compared, we have TABLE (t) to convert a table expression t into
JOIN and AND in SQL In this Section is all about one operator, JOIN. SQL's closest counterpart, NATURAL JOIN, has already been covered. Here we look at several other "join" op
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