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Using %TYPEThe %TYPE attribute gives the datatype of a variable or the database column. In the example below, the %TYPE gives the datatype of a variable:credit REAL(7,2);debit credit%TYPE;The Variables declared using %TYPE is treated such as those declared using a datatype specifier. For example, given the earlier declarations, the PL/SQL treats debit such as REAL (7, 2) variable. The later example shows that a %TYPE declaration can involve an initialization clause:balance NUMBER(7,2);minimum_balance balance%TYPE := 10.00;The %TYPE attribute is mainly useful when declaring a variable which refer to a database columns. You can reference a table & column, or you can reference an owner, column, table, and as inmy_dname scott.dept.dname%TYPE;Using the %TYPE to declare my_dname has two merits. Firstly, you do not require knowing the exact datatype of dname. Secondly, when the database definition of the dname changes, the datatype of my_dname change accordingly at the run time.
Data Abstraction The Data abstraction extracts the important properties of data while ignoring the not necessary details. Once you design a data structure, you can fail to reme
Providing Results of Queries Expressing queries in SQL is the (big) subject. Here I present just a simple example to give you the flavour of things to come in those chapters.
LEVEL You use the LEVEL with the SELECT CONNECT BY statement to categorize rows from a database table into a tree structure. The LEVEL returns the level number of a node in a
Referencing Records Unlike the elements in a collection, that are accessed using subscripts, the fields in a record are accessed by name. To reference an individual field, you
Using Cursor Attributes: Every cursor has 4 attributes: %NOTFOUND, %FOUND, %ISOPEN, and %ROWCOUNT. If appended to the cursor name, they return the helpful information about
Parameter and Keyword Description: SQL: This SQL is the name of the implicit SQL cursor. %FOUND: This attribute results TRUE if an INSERT, DELETE, or UPDATE state
Anatomy of a Table: Figure shows the terminology used in SQL to refer to parts of the structure of a table. As you can see, SQL has no official terms for its counterpa
Advantages of Exceptions Using the exceptions for the error handling has many benefits. Without an exception handling, every time you issue a command, you should ensure for th
Definition of FROM - SQL Recall that the operand of FROM is denoted by a commalist, each element of that commalist being a table expression optionally accompanied by a range v
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