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Using %TYPEThe %TYPE attribute gives the datatype of a variable or the database column. In the example below, the %TYPE gives the datatype of a variable:credit REAL(7,2);debit credit%TYPE;The Variables declared using %TYPE is treated such as those declared using a datatype specifier. For example, given the earlier declarations, the PL/SQL treats debit such as REAL (7, 2) variable. The later example shows that a %TYPE declaration can involve an initialization clause:balance NUMBER(7,2);minimum_balance balance%TYPE := 10.00;The %TYPE attribute is mainly useful when declaring a variable which refer to a database columns. You can reference a table & column, or you can reference an owner, column, table, and as inmy_dname scott.dept.dname%TYPE;Using the %TYPE to declare my_dname has two merits. Firstly, you do not require knowing the exact datatype of dname. Secondly, when the database definition of the dname changes, the datatype of my_dname change accordingly at the run time.
How Exceptions Are Raised By the run-time system, the internal exceptions are raised implicitly as are user-defined exceptions that you have related with an Oracle error number
COMMIT Statement The COMMIT statement explicitly makes everlasting changes to the database during the present transaction. The Changes made to the database are not considered e
Need for Dynamic SQL: You need dynamic SQL in the situations as follows: 1) You would like to execute a SQL data definition statement (like CREATE), a data control statemen
Read-Only Operator (+) - SQL The term read-only operator to the mathematical term function. Here I just need to add that the SQL standard reserves the term function for read-
What Is a Package? The package is a schema object that group logically related PL/SQL items, types, and subprograms. The Packages usually have 2 parts, a specification & a bo
Recursive Subprograms The recursive subprogram is the one that calls itself. Think of a recursive call as a call to a few other subprograms that does the similar task as your
Example of NOT EXISTS Operator - SQL Example is a translation into SQL of the corresponding example, which is included there merely to show that for any scalar comparison the
LEVEL You use the LEVEL with the SELECT CONNECT BY statement to categorize rows from a database table into a tree structure. The LEVEL returns the level number of a node in a
Due to an increase in overhead costs, the buying price of all items needs to be increased. Management wants to see a report before deciding how much each product will go up. Add to
Positional and Named Notation You can write the actual parameters when calling a subprogram, using either positional or named notation. That is, you can point to the relationsh
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