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SQLs counterpart of the key words:
The text from the opening parenthesis to the end of the fourth line specifies the declared type of the table, meaning that every table ever assigned to ENROLMENT must be a table of that type.The declared type of ENROLMENT is a table type, indicated by the key word TABLE and a comma-separated list (commalist, for short) of column definitions. A column definition consists of a column name followed by a type specification. Thus, each column of the table also has a declared type. Two or more columns can have the same type but not the same name. The type names SID and CID (for student ids and course ids) refer either to user-defined types or to user-defined domains. User-defined types and domains have to be defined by some user of the DBMS before they can be referred to. The type name VARCHAR(30) (character strings of length 30 or less), by contrast, is a predefined type: it is provided by the DBMS itself, is available to all users, and cannot be destroyed.
Built-In Functions The PL/SQL provides a lot of powerful functions to help you to manipulate the data. These built-in functions fall into the categories as shown below: error r
Parameter Modes: You do not require to specify a parameter mode for the input bind arguments (those used, for illustration, in the WHERE clause) as the mode defaults to IN. Th
Identifiers You use identifiers to name the PL/SQL program items and units that include constants, variables, cursors, exceptions, cursor variables, subprograms, and packages.
Example of ADD CONSTRAINT in SQL Example: Alternative formulation for MAX_ENROLMENTS ALTER TABLE IS_ENROLLED_ON ADD CONSTRAINT MAX_ENROLMENTS CHECK ((SELECT COUNT (*)
Autonomous versus Nested Transactions Though an autonomous transaction is started by the other transaction, it is not a nested transaction for the reasons shown below: (i)
Collections: The collection is an ordered group of elements, all of similar type (for illustration, the grades for a class of students). Each element has an exclusive subsc
Aggregate Operators SQL Supports all of the aggregate operators mentioned in the theory book and many more besides. The syntax, however, involves an unusual trick that SQL cal
What Is a Package? The package is a schema object that group logically related PL/SQL items, types, and subprograms. The Packages usually have 2 parts, a specification & a bo
Running the PL/SQL Wrapper To run the PL/SQL Wrapper, go through the wrap command at your operating system prompt by using the syntax as shown: wrap iname=input_file [oname=
Declaring Objects: You can use the object types wherever built-in types like CHAR or NUMBER can be used. In the block below, you can declare object r of type Rational. Then, yo
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