It is defined as an electric strain produced in an atom due to application of external electric field to the bulk material. It is the result of the displacement of the positively charged nucleus and the negative electron of an atom in opposite direction. It is also called atom or atomic polarization. The paradigmatic material for the simple case of atoms with a spherical symmetry is the noble gases in all aggregate forms. For computing the effect of electronic polarization, we take an idealized atom with "Perfect spherical symmetry".

(A)It has a point like charge +Zee in the nucleus, and

(B)The exact opposite charge -Zee homogenously distributed in the volume of the atom, which is

          V=    4π R³ /3

(c)The volume charge density of the electron is ρ=-3Ze/4πr³

 (D)In an electrical field E a force F₁ acts on charges given by

              F ₁ =Z.e.E

(E)The positive charge in the nucleus and the centre of the negative charges from the electron "cloud" will thus experience forces in different direction and will become separated. We have idealized situation show.

(F)The separation distanced will have a finite value because the separating force of the external field is exactly balanced by the attractive force between the centres of charges at the distance d. The attractive force F ₂ thus is given by

             F₂=q (Nucleus).q (e in d)/_4πεod2

(G) With q (Nucleus) =Zee and q (e in d=the fraction of the charge of the electrons contained in the sphere with the radios d, which is just the relation of the total volume of the sphere with radios d. Now we calculate the induced dipole moment, which is

                                                                      I_nduced=qd=Ze.d_e=4πε₀R³E

                              P=4πε₀R³E

The polarization P finally is given by multiplying with N, the density of the dipoles, we obtain

                               P=4πε₀R³NE

(H) This is our first basic result concerning the polarization of a material and its resulting susceptibility. There are various interesting points:

We justified the law of a linear relationship between E and P for the number of electronic polarization mechanisms. We can simply extend the result to a mix of different atoms. All we need to do is to sum over the relative densities of every type of atom. Concluding that electronic polarization is completely unimportant would be premature, however. Atoms in crystals or in any e a solids do not generally have spherical symmetry. Consider the Sp3 orbital of Si, Gee or diamond. Without a field, the centre of the negative charge of the electron orbital's will still coincide with the core but an external field breaks that symmetry producing a dipole momentum. The effect can be large compared to spherical S-orbital's: Si has a dielectric constant of 21, which comes exclusively from electronic polarization.

Posted Date: 7/7/2012 4:26:58 AM | Location : United States

Ask an Expert

Related Discussions:- Electronic polarization, Assignment Help, Ask Question on Electronic polarization, Get Answer, Expert's Help, Electronic polarization Discussions

Write discussion on Electronic polarization
Your posts are moderated

Write your message here..

Related Questions

Electromagnetic radiations, Electromagnetic radiations: What are the c... Electromagnetic radiations: What are the common features among all the Electromagnetic radiations? Ans: 1. They all can be described in terms of oscillating electric and ma

Determine the linear momentum of a proton, A particle of mass , initially m... A particle of mass , initially moving with a speed v, collides head on ELASTICALLY with an identical particle initially at rest. a. Do you expect the total mass of the particles

Scientific principle behind a laser, Scientific principle behind a laser: ... Scientific principle behind a laser: The basic scientific principle behind a laser was first put forward by Dr. Charles H. Towns in 1954 which later led to the development

Explain instantaneous acceleration, INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION: The acc... INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION: The acceleration of the body at any certain instant during its motion is called to be an instantaneous acceleration.

Determine the mass spectrograph, In the mass spectrograph, two positively c... In the mass spectrograph, two positively charged ions having the similar velocity pass through a slit and enter a uniform magnetic field at right angles to their initial velocities

Physical arrangement of resistors, Physical arrangement of resistors: B... Physical arrangement of resistors: Before we look at some problems it is necessary to warn you that physical appearances can be deceptive. When components are mounted they are

Which device has a czechoslovakian word meaning, What mechanical and electr... What mechanical and electronic device has a name derived from a Czechoslovakian word meaning "work; compulsory service"? Ans: From a Czechoslovakian word meaning "work; com

Digital image, What is the raw file size for an image of 80 rows and 100 co... What is the raw file size for an image of 80 rows and 100 columns, with pixels on 14 bits and with an extra row for the header? The minimum and maximum values observed in a

Project, project of class12,,to demonstrate electrostatics shielding project of class12,,to demonstrate electrostatics shielding

Electromagnetic theory, compare the contributions of faraday and oersted to... compare the contributions of faraday and oersted to electromagnetic theory