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Modern Physics

Modern physics is a branch of physics in which matter and energy are not the separate quantities as in classical physics. In modern physics they are alternate forms of each other. This branch of physics is based primarily on Max Planck's quantum theory and Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. Modern physics includes various areas of study. They are nuclear physics, high-energy physics, solid-state physics ,ultrasonics, atomic physics, and plasma physics. The laws of conservation including law of conservation of mass, energy and momentum, which is also part of classical physics, play a vital role in modern physics, but the laws of conservation of subatomic particles are unique in modern physics. Post-Newtonian conception of physics are known as modern physics and description related to these theories incorporate elements of either quantum mechanics or Einsteinian relativity in some cases the both. In other words physics that incorporates elements of either quantum mechanics (QM) or Einsteinian relativity (ER) or both is said to be modern physics. In general, the term modern physics is used to refer to any branch of physics either developed in the early 20th century and onwards, or the branches greatly influenced by early 20th century physics. The main area of interest of classical mechanics includes large distances and small velocities. But in modern physics it often involves extreme conditions. Say for example quantum effects usually involve distances comparable to atoms which is roughly 10−9 m, whereas relativistic effects usually involve velocities comparable to the speed of light that is almost 108 m/s. So we can say that modern physics is often encountered when dealing with extreme conditions. It is the quantum mechanical effects that tends to appear when dealing with "lows" such as low temperatures, small distances etc, and relativistic effects tend to appear when dealing with "highs" such as high velocities, large distances etc, And the "middles" being classical behavior. Say for example, when we analyze the behavior of a gas at room temperature, almost all phenomena will involve the classical Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. But near absolute zero, Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution fails to analyze the behavior of the gas, and in that case the modern Fermi–Dirac or Bose–Einstein distributions have to be used.

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