Heisenberg's uncertainty principle:
It is defined by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, it is impossible to measure simultaneously both the position and the momentum of the particle.
Let Δx and Δp be the uncertainty in the simultaneous measurement of the position and momentum of the particle, then ΔxΔp=h′ ; where h′ = h/2π and h = 6.63 ´ 10-34 J-s is the Planck's constant.
If Δx = 0 then Δp = ∞ and if Δp = 0 then Δx =∞ i.e., if we are able to measure the exact position of the particle (say an electron) then the uncertainty in the measurement of the linear momentum of the molecules is infinite. Similarly, if we are able to calculate the exact linear momentum of the particle i.e., Δp = 0, then we cannot measure the exact position of the particle at that time.
Photon:
According to Eisenstein's quantum theory light propagates in the bundles of power, each packet being known as photon and possessing energy.
Energy of photon: Energy of each photon is given by E = hv= hc/λ where c = Speed of light, h = Plank's constant = 6.6 ´ 10-34 J-sec, n = Frequency in Hz, λ = Wavelength of light
Photo electric effect:
It is the phenomenon of emission of electrons from the surface of metals, when light radiations (Electromagnetic radiations) of suitable frequency fall on them. The emitted electrons are known as photoelectrons and the current so produced is called photoelectric current.
This effect is related on the rule of conservation of energy.
X-ray:
In X-ray tube, when high speed electrons strike the target, they penetrate the target. They lose their kinetic energy and come to rest inside the solid. The electron due to finally being stopped makes several collisions with the atoms in the target. At every collision one of the given two kinds of X-rays may get form.
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