Interconversions :
(1) Chain Lengthening of Aldoses (Killiani-Fischer synthesis) : The conversion of an aldose to the next higher member involves the following steps :
(i) Formation of a cyanohydrin.
(ii) Hydrolysis of - CN to - COOH forming aldonic acid.
(iii) Conversion of aldonic acid into lactone by heating.
(iv) The lactone is finally reduced with sodium amalgam or sodium borohydride to give the higher aldose
(2) Chain Shortening of aldoses
(i) An aldose can be converted to the next lower member by Ruff Degradation.
It involves two steps.
(ii) By Wohl's method
(3) Conversion of an aldose to the isomeric Ketose Three steps are involved,
(4) Conversion of a ketose to the isomeric aldose
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