Basics of Computer Networks:
A computer network is a data communication system where two or more computers are linked in order to exchange data (documents, sheets, etc...) and share resources like (CD-ROM, Printers, Storage Devices). The computers on the network can be linked through cables, radio waves, telephone lines, infrared light beams, or satellites. Depending on the usage networks can be classified into three categories
- Local Area Network (LAN)
- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
- Wide Area Network (WAN)
- Components of a Network
In general, a network consists of the following components (apart from a computer):
Network Interface Card (NIC): A network interface controller allows a computer to communicate over a network.
Cable: A network cable is a physical medium through which two network devices communicate with each other for data transfer
Hub: A Hub is a central connecting point for all the network devices via network cables
Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules regarding communication that ensures that all the computers in the network communicate in the same language.
Uses of Computer Networks by Individuals
Computer networks have revolutionized many aspects of people's lives. They have affected the way people communicate, the way they gather information, and the way they spend their leisure time.
Some of the ways in which people use computer networks are described below:
- Networks provide people access to the Internet, and the rich storehouse of information and entertainment that it offers.
- Many individuals pay their bills, manage their bank accounts, and handle their investments electronically. Online shopping (at websites such as eBay.com, Amazon.com, etc.) is another activity for which people make use of computer networks.
- Networks allow individuals to communicate with each other, using email, chat, voice mail, video conferencing, etc.
- They allow individuals to select movies, songs or television programs from a variety of sources, and play them instantly on demand. Online games, quizzes, etc., are other purposes for which people use networks.
Use of Computer Networks by Businesses
Computer networks with their numerous and varied uses have become a powerful communication medium for the modern business. Typically, any business organization has numerous computers that are located at different locations. Initially, these computer systems were used as stand-alone systems meant for individual use. These computers were used for various purposes like keeping track of the materials, monitoring the productivity, and processing various reports for storage and retrieval of information. This reduced the need for paper, manual record keeping of accounts and other correspondence, and also the time spent by the employees on these activities.
This trend has changed. Business organizations now have networks which allow the sharing of information between employees. With shared networks, employees can transfer data, share input/output devices, and track any problems within the system. Networking enables the company to store important information safely and also improves the productivity of the employees.
Networks also facilitate the exchange of data and information between people. The exchange could be through intranets or extranets. Intranets facilitate sharing of internal organizational information among the employees. An extranet is a private network that acts as a link to various Internet channels. It is extended to external users of the company like the suppliers, distributors, customers, business partners, etc., through the Internet.
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