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1. A comparison of the femoral heads and femoral necks of A. robustus and modern humans shows that the structures are the same in both species. TRUE or FALSE2. A paleoanthropologist can look to a specimen's __ to identify bipedality.A. footB. femurC. vertebral columnD. pelvisE. All of these3. Among hominoids, the observed degree of phalangeal shaft curvature appears to be directly related to the frequency with which a given species engages in arboreal climbing and suspensory behaviors. Suspensory primates have __ phalanges.A. Straight and flatB. Straight and roundC. curved and roundD. Curved and flat4. Australopithecus afarensis is unlike modern humans in that its relative arm length more closely approaches that ofA. baboonsB. arboreal quadrupedsC. vertical clinger and leapersD. suspensory primates5. Australopithecus afarensis specimens dating to 3.2 million years ago showA. all of the same anatomical features for bipedalityB. several critical adaptions to bipedalismC. were full time quadrueds that could walk up on two legs for short distancesD. none of these6. Humans and apes share the same number of lumbar vertebrae.TRUE or FALSE7. Humans are 'unbalanced' in locomotion because half the time we have all our weight on oonly one leg.TRUE or FALSE8. If you place ape and human femora next to each other on a table, you will notice that the ape's femur stands almost vertically, while the femur of the human forms an angle with the tabletop. The effect of this angle is toA. permit the body to engage in a bipedal stanceB. enable a quadrupedal stanceC. is meaningless because these elements are viewed in isolation from the rest of the bodyD. bring the knees closer together, placing the feet directly below the center of gravity9. If you were to examine the distal metatarsals of an extinct primate species and found that the specimen possessed large sized first metatarsals, you could infer that this speciesA. was most likely a vertical clinger and leaperB. engaged in bipedal striding locomotionC. was a part time biped that didn't stride with much forceD. engaged in quadrupedalism but could move bipedally10. In bipeds the first metatarsal is largest of the metatarsals. The size indicates that this element encounters high __ during locomotion.A. repetitionsB. motionC. forceD. speed11. Recent research has suggested that humans (as well as great apes and bears) walk from heel to toeA. as a response to relative aggressivnessB. to expend less energyC. to better sompete for matesD. all of these12. Some australopithecines show adaptations for bipedalism and yet retain other adaptations that appear to point to someA. arboreal behaviorsB. quadrupedal behaviorsC. terrestrial quadrupedalismD. verticle clinging and leaping13. Suspensory primates have the highest Humerofemoral indices for their body mass.TRUE or FALSE14. The adaptation for bipedalism appears to be the result of a single selective presure, namely the loss of trees in the environment.TRUR or FALSE15. The finger and toes bones of bipedal species tend to beA. short and flatB. long and curvedC. short and curvedD. long and flat16. The Humerofemoral index of A. afarensis is within the lowest range of suspensory hominoids.TRUE or FALSE17. The ilium, pubis, and ischium are fused in adults to formA. the medial cuneiformB. the lumbar curveC. the pelvic boneD. the calcaneus18. The medial cuneiform is a small bone in the foot that articulates with the __ and in bipeds restricts the degree of __ of this joint.A. calcaneus / the sizeB. third metatarsal / adductionC. forth metacarpal / flexionD. first metatarsal / abduction19. There are several critical adaptations to bipedalism that are found in even the earliest hominids, includingA. short, broad illiumB. "keystone" shaped sacrumC. "valgus" kneeD. all of these20. While humans and African apes are capable of bipedal locomotionA. humans are much more "unbalanced" at walking bipedally than the apesB. they both are better suited for quadrupedalismC. the apes are not anatomically adapted for itD. the apes poses a heel to toe stride not found in humans21. A larger olecranon-ulnar index implies more powerful forearm extension.TRUE or FALSE22. A possible explanation for the differences among hominid species' Humerofemoral Index and Body Mass is thatA. different hominid species demonstrated different degrees of reliance on tools for food processingB. differences in body size drive differences in cheek tooth area, with smaller forms always having larger teethC. the smaller sized species are always fully bipedal and terrestrialD. differences in body size drive differences in cheek tooth area, with larger forms always having larger teeth23. All species of the genus Homo are known from eastern Africa.TRUE or FALSE24. Anatomically modern humans first appear in __ about 150,000 years ago.A. AsiaB. AfricaC. EuropeD. Australia25. Cro MagnonA. are archaic Homo sapiens that display both primitive and derived traitsB. is the name give to Homo erectus is AsiaC. refers to early modern humans in EuropeD. is a special term for humans that evolved from Neanderthals26. Deciding whether to attribute the morpological variation in hominid fossil specimens to differences between species or to a high degree of sexual dimorphism is a difficult task, and this is especially true forA. Homo erectusB. modern Homo sapiensC. early HomoD. Homo neanderthalensis27. DNA data supports the conclusion that Neanderthals are not ancestors to modern humans.TRUE or FALSE28. Early fossil Homo is marked by a very __ skeleton, and this pattern __ that of later archaic Homo sapiens.A. robustly built / is shared withB. well designed / differs fromC. sturdy / does not resembleD. gracile / is identical to that of
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