Reference no: EM131378359
1. A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of ___________.
abnormal psychology
gerontology
human development
maturational studies
applied psychology
2. Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design?
Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
It is relatively inexpensive.
It takes less effort than a cross-sectional design.
It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design.
Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.
3. A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the ______ method.
cohort design
longitudinal design
behavior genetics design
cross-sectional design
cross-sequential design
4. Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humor. She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?
cohort design
longitudinal design
behavior genetics design
cross-sectional design
cross-sequential design
5. Unlike other types of research, a cross-sequential design allows researchers to _________.
combine longitudinal and cross-sectional research strategies
look for gender differences
reduce experimenter bias
only include cross-sectional strategies within the design
reduce the volunteer effect
6. Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design?
Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
It is relatively expensive.
It takes a longer amount of time than a longitudinal study.
Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.
It takes less effort than a longitudinal study.
7. Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?
cognition versus emotion
classical versus operant conditioning
genetics versus socialization
cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies
nature versus nurture
8. According to research conducted by Ridley (1999), how could individuals like Adolf Hitler, serial killer Ted Bundy, and Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh commit such acts according to the "nature versus nurture" debate? (2 points)
These individuals were born (nature) to commit such horrendous acts. It was in their genetic makeup.
Their behaviors are the result of the interaction of nature and nurture.
These individual's behaviors were attributed to "nurture"and influences of their parents.
These individuals learned to commit these behaviors after staying in long periods of isolation, according to Ridley.
These individuals learned to commit these behaviors due to negative experiences in school, according to Ridley.
9. Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as ____________.
DNA
selinked traits
chromosomes
amines
RNA
10. A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait is called a ______ gene.
recessive
mutated
recombinant
messenger
dominant
11. Silvia has blond hair, even though her mother and father each have brown hair. What do we know about Silvia's parents?
At least one of her parents has a recessive gene for blond hair.
Each of her parents must have one recessive gene for blond hair color.
Each of her parents must have one dominant gene for blond hair.
At least one of her parents has a messenger gene for blond hair.
Neither of her parents has a gene for blond hair.
12. In _________ syndrome, the 23rd pair of chromosomes is missing an X, resulting in short, infertile females.
PKU
Down
triple X
Klinefelter's
Turner's
13. Ovum is a term used to describe _________________________.
the female sex cell or egg
the male sex cell
the developing organism from conception to the end of the second week after fertilization
the developing organism from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization
the developing organism from 8 weeks after fertilization to birth
14. Mary and Juan are twins who developed from two separate fertilized ova that were fertilized by two different sperm. What type of twins are they?
monozygotic twins
maternal twins
dizygotic twins
womb mates
semi-identical
15. Marisa is at a point in her pregnancy when the zygote is moving down her uterus, and the placenta and umbilical cord are beginning to form. Which period of prenatal development is Marisa currently experiencing?
fetal
embryonic
placental
umbilical
germinal
16. Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?
fetal
embryonic
placental
germinal
umbilical
17. What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked while pregnant?
increased birth weight and lethargy
lower birth weight and short stature
severe hearing loss and heart defects
severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms
heart defects and poor reflexes
18. The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the _______________ period.
germinal
embryonic
fetal
gestational
placental
19. Which of the following describes the fetal period?
the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
the period during which the umbilical cord develops
the period during which the placenta begins to function
the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional .
20. The most likely cause for miscarriage during the first three months of pregnancy is _______.
a genetic defect
alcohol use
not taking prenatal vitamins
lack of exercise
smoking
21. Javier was born 3 days ago. His parents have noticed that he has several reflexes which the doctors have been testing. Which of the following is NOT a reflex exhibited by healthy newborns?
Moro reflex
rooting reflex
walking reflex
stepping reflex
Darwinian reflex
22. Which sense is the most functional at birth?
touch
taste
smell
hearing
vision
23. Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
preoperational; concrete operations; sensorimotor; formal operations
concrete operations; sensorimotor; preoperational; formal operations
sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal operations
preoperational; sensorimotor; concrete operations; formal operations
concrete operations; preoperational; sensorimotor; formal operations
24. Young infants cannot appreciate the carnival game in which a pea seems to disappear from under a walnut because they have not yet developed a sense of ______.
conservation
centration
egocentrism
accommodation
object permanence
25. According to Piaget, ___________ represents the beginning of the child's language development and symbolic thought.
egocentric thinking
accommodation
object permanence
assimilation
organization
26. In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 7 and 11 years of age, in which an individual becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking, is the ______ stage.
concrete operations
sensorimotor
preoperational
formal operations
schematic
27. Which of the following illustrates Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding?
Several children work together to overcome an obstacle they could not conquer individually.
A teacher works one-on-one with a student and then begins to withdraw help as the student becomes more skilled.
Learning in one area, such as language, tends to reinforce learning that occurs in other areas, such as mathematics.
Physical interaction with the environment is a key to learning, so teachers require students to run and play a great deal.
Taking courses like Latin and geometry will help children learn successfully in other courses of study.
28. Which of the following is the term that refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher?
scaffolding
conservation
hypothetical thinking
assimilation
zone of proximal development
29. Chester is irritable, loud, and negative most of the time. He does not like it when new people pick him up, and he has irregular sleeping, eating, and waking schedules. According to Thomas and Chess, what temperament does Chester exhibit?
active
slow-to-warm-up
difficult
easy
unconventional
30. Research on the stability of temperament indicates that it is _______________.
unstable and subject to wide variations over the course of a lifetime
unstable during childhood but stabilizes during adolescence and remains stable throughout a person's adult life
relatively stable through the first three to four years of life but begins to vary dramatically once a child reaches school age
relatively stable through the first three to four years of life but begins to vary dramatically once a child reaches adolescence
relatively stable well into adulthood
31. Which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial crises revolves around the child's learning to direct his or her own behavior?
trust versus mistrust
initiative versus guilt
industry versus inferiority
autonomy versus shame and doubt
intimacy versus isolation
32. Erikson's theory of social development viewed the period from ages 3 to 6, his third stage, as characterized by the major challenge of ______.
identity versus role diffusion
industry versus inferiority
initiative versus guilt
autonomy versus shame and doubt
intimacy versus isolation
33. Between the ages of 5 and 12, children strive to develop a sense of competence arising from their work and effort. Erikson refers to this stage of life as ___________.
trust versus mistrust
autonomy versus shame and doubt
industry versus inferiority
initiative versus guilt
intimacy versus isolation
34. According to Erikson, if an elementary school child fails to succeed in learning new skills and knowledge, the result may be the development of a sense of _________.
stagnation
inferiority
shame and doubt
role confusion
isolation
35. A culture's expectation of masculine and feminine behaviors can be defined as _____________________.
homosexual
heterosexual
gender roles
gender typing
gender specificity
36. ________ is the process by which people learn their culture's preferences and expectations for proper "masculine" and "feminine" behaviors.
Gender role
Gender identity
Gender typing
Gender stereotyping
Gender specification
37. Traditional views of gender roles are more likely found in ____________.
collectivist cultures
individualistic cultures
countries like the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England
all of these
none of these
38. Countries like the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England are more likely to have ______________.
nontraditional views of gender
a collectivist society
very constrained roles for women in society
very constrained roles for men in society
a strong tradition of women staying home
39. Research on differences in male and female brain activity has found that ________________,
when doing language tasks, women's brains tend to be more active in the right hemisphere than men.
men use the right side of the brain for emotional expression, whereas women use both sides.
men use the left side of the brain for visual/spatial expression, whereas women use both sides.
all of the above
none of the above
40. The period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called ________.
adolescence
tweens
young adulthood
early adulthood
puberty
41. Puberty is defined as _________.
the production of hormones in the reproductive glands stimulated by the pituitary gland
the stage of identity versus role confusion
the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak
the time when a child becomes a teenager
the time when an adolescent forms permanent relationships
42. Which of the following is NOT evidence of puberty in boys?
the growth of the testes and penis
the appearance of pubic hair
the appearance of underarm hair
higher pitch of the voice
the appearance of a beard
43. Most young adolescents, especially those who receive a formal high school education, are at the level of thinking that Piaget described as ______.
formal operations
preoperational
preconventional
identity versus role confusion
industry versus inferiority
44. The development of formal operations in adolescence leads to ______.
extroverted behavior
a lessening of self-analysis compared to preoperational thought
introspection and egocentrism
thinking in terms of concrete things
thinking more about others than themselves
45. The tendency of teenagers to feel that they are always "on stage" and that they are the center of everyone else's world, just as they are the center of their own, is a phenomenon known as ___________.
formal operations
the personal fable
puberty
internalization
the imaginary audience
46. According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the _________ level of morality.
preconventional
conventional
postconventional
preliminary
committed
47. Around age 40, adults ___________.
see a decline in sexual functioning
may need to wear bifocal lenses
experience a sharpening of the senses
experience a noticeable decline in hearing
do not experience any physical changes
48. The gradual decline in the sexual reproductive system of males is called ____________.
menopause
perimenopause
male menopause
change of life
andropause
49. Which of the following is the MOST common cause of death in middle adulthood?
suicide
homicide
heart disease
stroke
cancer
50. All of the following are reasons that middle-aged adults experience changes in memory EXCEPT _______.
stress
having more information to remember
having more difficulty retrieving information
having more information stored in memory
hardening of the arteries
51. According to Erikson, an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining one's sense of self, is called ________.
bonding
intimacy
attachment
attraction
affiliation
52. Psychologists say that an elderly person who is looking back over his or her life and coming to terms with the actions of that life is engaging in ___________.
despair
a sense of identity
ego integrity
a life review
generativity
53. The _______ theory of aging suggests that unstable oxygen molecules cause damage to the structure of cells, increasing with age.
wear-and-tear theory
cellular clock theory
disengagement theory
free radical theory
senescence theory
54. Several weeks of diagnostic tests have revealed that cancer has spread throughout Barry's body. His physician suggests that he "take care of important matters." Barry realizes his family's home needs repairs, so he arranges to have that done right away. To relieve his family of the agony of planning his funeral, he has made all the arrangements. Barry tells his minister he has had a good life and just wants to make sure he provides for his family after his death. This description fits the stage Kubler-Ross called _________.
denial
acceptance
bargaining
depression
denial
55. The__________ lobes are located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere, containing the centers for touch, body position, and temperature.
frontal
temporal
occipital
parietal
mamillary bodies
56. Incoming sensory messages are made sense of in ______.
Broca's area
the motor projection areas
the association areas
Wernicke's area
the somatosensory cortex
57. The area of the frontal lobe that is devoted to the production of fluent speech is ______ area.
Broca's
Gall's
Wernicke's
Korsakoff's
Cajal's
58. Bill was admitted to the hospital last week after he fell. When Bill's son visited, he found his father was unable to get words out in a smooth, connected fashion. If Bill's difficulty speaking is due to brain damage, what is the likely location of the damage?
Broca's area
Gall's area
Wernicke's area
Korsakoff's area
Cajal's area
59. Mary suffered a head injury in a car accident last week. Since that time, she is able to speak fluently but uses the wrong words when expressing herself. Mary may be exhibiting __________ aphasia.
Broca's
Gall's
Korsakoff's
Cajal's
Wernicke's
60. Robert's mother is usually meticulous in her presentation. When picking her up for a family dinner, he noticed that her make-up was only applied to the right side of her face. Her hair was also brushed on the right side, but on the left it was matted and uncombed. He immediately took her to the hospital after she was unaware of any problems. She was diagnosed with __________, which is evidenced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere.
Wernicke's aphasia
Broca's aphasia
spatial neglect
split-brain
temporal lobe damage
61. Which endocrine gland controls all of the other endocrine glands?
thyroid
adrenal
thymus
pancreas
pituitary
62. Which structure is like a locked door that only certain neurotransmitter keys can unlock?
synapse
receptor site
neural chiasm
response terminal
synaptic vesicle
63. Which is NOT a potential cause of ADHD according to the research?
teratogens
prematurity
high level of lead in the body
prefrontal brain damage
restlessness
64. Which of the following are symptoms of adult ADHD?
obsessiveness, delusions, hallucinations
hopelessness, losing things, fatigue
impatience, obsessiveness, fatigue
restlessness, impulsiveness, losing things
restlessness, obsessiveness, fatigue
65. Medication for ADHD for children can also be effective for adult symptoms. Which of the following are types of medications that are used to treat this condition?
antipsychotics and stimulants
stimulants and antidepressants
antidepressants and antipsychotics
antianxiety and antidepressants
stimulants and antianxiety