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A project is underway to develop a vaccine against mouse hepatitis virus, a pathogen of mice. The vaccine consists of capsid protein of the virus, which is injected subcutaneously as a depot in alum on day 0. At days 5 and 14, the group of six mice is bled and the serum is tested for the presence of antibodies against the viral capsid protein. Separate assays are done for each of the immunoglobulin classes, IgM, IgG and IgA. The amounts, expressed in ?g/ml of antibody, are shown in the figure below. When the data is analysed it appears that two of the animals (asterisks) have high titres of antibody particularly IgG and IgA, at both days 5 and 14. a) Why do the titres of IgG antibodies increase more rapidly between days 5 and 14 than do IgM antibodies, in all animals? b) Propose an explanation for the high titres of IgG antibodies in the two animals indicated at day 5. Can this explanation also account for the relatively high levels of IgA antibodies also seen in these mice? (Note: Mouse hepatitis virus infections can be common in animal houses) The spleens from mice taken at day 14 are used to produce B cell hybridomas making monoclonal antibodies against the viral protein. Of the clones produced, 15 produced IgG, three produce IgM and none produced IgA. c) Why do you suppose there are no IgA-producing clones, despite the good IgA response ? d) You want a high-affinity antibody for use in an assay. Which of the clones you have produced are likely to be of higher affinity? e) Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced.
Is it harder to prove a hypothesis than to disprove it? Suppose you wanted to establish that cheetahs are fastest land animals, and suppose you've the ability to clock any animal moving at its top speed.
Snouters are small critters that live on both sides of Ohio River. A population on the north side of the Ohio River is fixed for an allele for blue feet.
You require to prepare 200 uL of each protein at a concentration of 1mg/mL for an upcoming experiment. Compute the recipe to make each desired solution at the above concentration and volume.
Determining Diffusivity of Solutes in a Liquid Compute the diffusion coefficient of a protein macromolecule bovine scrum albumin (BSA) at 23degreeC.
A train is travelling up a 3.73 degree incline at a speed of 3.25m/s as the last car breaks free. How far does last car travel before its speed momentarily reaches zero.
Illustrate what is meant by motivation. What types of non-financial reward might a company employ to motivate employees.
Given a stock solution of 10mM, how many milliliters would you add to water to have a concentration of 5 uM (micro molar) in a final volume to 2 ml.
What happens to colonies of bacteria that live in your body when they gain a mutation that helps them tolerate colder temperatures than 98.6? Antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
In many countries, conservationists are trying to design national park systems so that "islands" of natural area (the big parks) are connected by thin "corridors" of undisturbed habitat. The idea is that this arrangement will allow animals and plants..
Which of following are true of axial musculature:It arises elsewhere, however inserts on the axial skeleton. It makes up 40 percent of the body musculature.
List whether the movement is diffusion, osmosis, active transport, or bulk flow. Clarify the adaptations that increase the effectiveness of this movement. what is the meaning of this observation.
the reversion precisely reversed the original change that produced the typ- mutant allele.
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