"Impact Assessment (EIA) process in order to collectively analyse on measures that can betaken to weaken effects such as erosion of traditional institutions and cultures and traditionaloccupations. Then long term development that are sustainable can then be established into theprojects with the people of the communities playing direct roles in decisions about executionand choice. Some oil companies admitted in the Niger Delta region that their activitiescontributed to corruption, dependency, and conflict in the region (IRIN, 2005). Reason why Shell Nigeria changed the name of its CSR programme from CommunityDevelopment (CD) to Sustainable Development (SD) in the year 2003 (Emeseh, 2009).Evidently, the oil companies still focus their CSR activities on philanthropic gestures insteadof careful thinking self-sustainable projects that have the communities? involvement.6.2.4 CHEVRON’S ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITYChevron is one of the biggest oil and natural producer in the world, having its operation in180 countries. They are involved in petroleum operations such as exploration and production,refining of crude oil and natural gas, chemicals manufacturing and sales, transportation andmarketing, geothermal, power generation and mining operations.Chevron began operation in Nigeria in 1913, it owns 40% interest in eight concessions in theon-shore & off-shore regions of the Niger Delta region under the Nigerian NationalPetroleum Company (NNPC) which holds a 60% interest. The company?s CSR philosophy isas a corporate citizen of Nigeria to take serious and being active towards developing hostcommunities and the country through carrying out projects (Chevron, 2016).Though there are environmental effects at operations stages in the Nigerian oil industry.There is an attention in the Niger Delta focusing mainly on the visible types of oil pollutionspills and flaring of gas. An academic research carried out in the year 1990 indicated a highvolume of oil spills with attendant economic, environmental, and health implications (Akinbami, 2009). Majority of these spills came from avoidable sources which were linked toChevron?s environmental practices such as corrosion from old worn out pipelines and failureof equipment (Human Rights Watch, 2008). The country flared most gas of any petroleum producing company with most of the flareslocated very close to local communities. There was a report that the temperatures of the flamewere very low which resulted to partial burning of gaseous elements with moreenvironmental severe implications (World Bank, 1998). Degradation of environment is at thecore of communities? agitation and international condemnation. It is however not a surprisethat to address this issue is a very important task of organisation averred commitment tocorporate social responsibility in the oil region. In the year 1995, Chevron accepted that itused outdated facilities in 1995, Chevron admitting the use of outdated equipment andfacilities that has been outlived with their life span and promised to replace them and start itsoperations according to the regulations of Nigeria by 1999. It announced in 2001 that it had met all the environmental targets that was set since 1995 andachieved 98 percent compliance with the regulations of the industry, though perhaps, becauseof the DPR revised guidelines in 2002, Chevron compliance level has dropped with a recentannual report showing 92 percent compliance. The company further claimed it madesignificant impact on other areas for example, ISO14001 certification, EIA improvementprocess on its new projects in accordance with the international standards, reduction of gasfaring, waste management improvement, preparedness to respond to oil spills increased andother environmental disasters and rehabilitation of environmental devastated places. Chevron is also reported to have spent $88m annually between the year1995 and 1998 toupgradation of production of oil facilities (Odogwu, 1998). In 2002, Chevron claimed to haveinvested $360m to upgrade its facilities to reduce discharges and risk of petroleum spills andcommitted to reduce and finally end gas flaring in Nigeria by 2016(Chevron, 2001). Also, in 2003 another oil company, Elf Petroleum, made a commitment to119end offshore andonshore gas flaring by the year 2003 and 2005 (Daily Trust, 2003). Both Chevron and Shellcontinue to report continued investment in environmental management and generalimprovement in environmental performance (Chevron, 2005; Shell, 2006). The reality is thatso many things have not changed in the environment of Niger Delta.Analysis of official sources between the year 1989 and 2001, indicated that oil spills are stillcommon with a rise in number of incidents and volume, with a percentage of 95.63that waslost to the environment (Emeseh, 2009). The Niger Delta region is known with polluted places which have either not being or has notadequately being cleaned up. This is in spite of the fact that each of the organisations hastheir own plans as requested by DPR in dealing with minor spills. In addition, anorganisation, the Clean Nigeria Associates (CNA), that started its operations in 1985 wassetup by all the petroleum companies to deal with larger spills. Nigeria still flares more gasthan any other country in the globe, in both proportionate and absolute terms (UNDP/WorldBank, 2004) and Chevron (SPDC, 2005) and all the other organisations have failed to honouron the new deadline of 2008 to end flaring of gas. A new recurring source of environmentalissue is pipeline fires with the first major incident being in Jesse in 1998.Organisations have blamed sabotage a high number of oil spills. There is no doubt that thiscontributes to the actual number that is linked to it is questionable.From the interviews of Emeseh (2009), with spill site inspectors from the law enforcementagencies indicated that suspected sabotage was the normal entry made if the reason of oilspill cannot be immediately linked to any of the other factors. As these cannot be furtherinvestigated, the allegations are highly not proven. In addition, the perception of oilcommunities is that this is a claim that is made for organisations to get out of their duty torecompense the victims of an oil spill.There are elements of truths in this statement in the case of Shell oil Development Companyof Nigeria vs Abel Isaiah and others. In this case Shell?s claim of sabotage was countered bythe witnesses of its defence with the three of them accepting in the court of law that thedamage of the pipeline was caused by a fallen tree and the Appeal court found that thesabotage?s defence was raised by Shell and was an afterthought. Although in any event,organisations have programmes to replace old pipelines because it?s a long term projectwhich is still ongoing. Therefore, there should not be any reason to say that oil spills werecaused due to old pipelines corrosion because as it gets older, more spills occur.6.3 NATURE AND TYPE OF CSR ACTIVITY ADOPTED BY OIL COMPANIESAND THE NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT TO ADDRESS SOCIAL ISSUES6.3.1 CSR ACTIVITES OF CHEVRONThe agitation of Niger Delta in Nigeria and the associated implication for the whole economyhas brought out several debates recently. The high tension, restiveness and conflicts in the oilrich communities have confirmed even with several efforts by the government of Nigeria tohave a peaceful atmosphere between the oil companies and the host communities. In spite of the multinational companies? claim that they are performing their CSR activities inbringing development to these oil rich communities, yet these communities believe they arenot doing anything. With all the oil companies always saying about what they have done andthe oil rich communities believe, the researcher believes it is important to investigate whatthe oil companies claim they have done in terms of CSR activities. Are these oil richcommunities satisfied with these CSR efforts of the oil companies? Are these CSR activitiesof these oil companies relevant to these communities? needs?According to Alabi (2012), Chevron?s CSR activities range from construction of jetties,building of schools and hospitals, building of bridges, provision of scholarships and bursary,donations of drugs to hospitals and health centres, provision of portable water and electricity, "