"activities” (Lisk et al.,2013). Many host communities still suffer from various ills includingpollution, violence and gas flaring amongst others. CSR is progressing tremendously in theaspect of local community initiatives in Nigeria as argued by Idemudia and Ite (2006) andEweje (2006) in their support for CSR initiatives.For efficiency in the practice of CSR, organisations must be able to assess the impact of theiroperations on the communities and seek to carry out plans that will ensure minimal negativeimpacts of its undertakings on the environment in which they operate.The oil industry CSR activities are focused on resolving its extraction effects activities on thehost communities. Provisions are made such as hospitals, schools, pipe-borne waters etc.(Amaeshi et al., 2006). However, Aid (2014) on its report of some major oil companies,confirmed that the CSR activities that this sector claimed to have provided have beenabandoned and could not meet the host community?s needs. On the other hand, as argued byIte (2004) the Nigerian government has continuously rebelled in its obligations making thesocial investments by the oil firms to support their host communities almost impossible.Therefore, the governments shortcomings to provide adequate social infrastructures for thesociety have put private organisations that operate in the oil communities under pressure(Olanrewaju, 2014). The company and the national economy may be affected if an effective CSR is neglected.Okafor, Hassan and Hassan (2008) argued that the restiveness of youth in the Niger Deltaregion is as a result of environmental degradation that is caused by oil corporations that donot have major impact in the area in providing sustainable social amenities. As a result of therestiveness, multinationals are forced to adopt CSR initiatives as part of their businessstrategy or apparatus and also a tool to improve and minimize the effects of their activities inthe host communities and support in the development of the Nigerian economy (Hilson,2012, Aaron, 2012).Despite the provisions of the Nigerian oil and gas industry content Act 2010, a law is needed that directly requires an acceptable CSR implementation standardstipulating companies to adopt and submit CSR plans to the government as part of theapplication for an oil licenses, that the plan should be implemented through the reduction ofnegative impacts lof pollution and also providing periodic report (Ijaiya, 2014).To ensure businesses operate responsibly to its stakeholders, the Nigerian government has putin place checks to make sure organisations adopt CSR strategies and initiatives, obtain thesocial license to operate from both the host communities and the government. Thegovernment has enforced other forms like the formation of the Nigerian National PetroleumCorporation (NNPC), Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) passage of the oil and gasbill in 2004 and also the formation of federal and state parastatals and ministries to effectMNC act responsibly.4.14 THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN CSRThe action of the Federal Government of Nigeria is essential in creating enablingenvironment for the development of private sector in order to be competitive and beresponsible private organisations (Tom, Halina and Bruce, 2002). The major challenge theagencies of government have in promoting the programme of CSR is to increase awareness,identify priorities, mobilise resources meaningful in the national context, bring out supportand incentives, and also build on existing activities and capacities (Singhal, 2014). Accordingto Tom, Halina, and Bruce (2002), there are key roles that a government should pick toengage in CSR activity which include:RegulatingThis comes in form of regulations, laws, penalties and necessary measures to monitor andcontrol activities of business organisations (Tom, Halina and Bruce, 2002). Government atthe federal, state and the local government can regulate the practices of local businesses by giving them minimum standards all must follow, establish business targets to achieve, set uplaw enforcers to oversee their business conducts etc. Facilitating Through this, the Federal Government of Nigeria can enable private enterprises to engage inCSR to bring out environmental and social improvements. The federal government can usepenalties and provide tax incentives to encourage responsible business (Tom, Halina andBruce, 2002). The government must ensure business access the needed information. Thegovernment can also offer business advisory services and technical assistance to companieswhen it is needed. It can also support supply chain activities etc.Brokering The Federal Government of Nigeria can act as a broker partnering with businesses in tacklingserious environmental and social problems. This can be achieved by initiating communicationin multi stakeholder procedures, promoting private-public partnerships for the developmentof communities and also mobilise resources (Tom, Halina and Bruce, 2002). Therole of thegovernment is also to involve key actors in a CSR programme by providing finance forresearch or leading the campaign, training and also creating awareness. Warranting This include the commitment of the Nigerian government to execute international principles,raising of awareness programmes, publicise good CSR practice that was conducted by otherleading business organisations, CSR award schemes, etc (Tom, Halina and Bruce, 2002).4.15 LIMITATION TO AN EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF CSR INNIGERIAIrrespective of the adoption of CSR policies and developmental projects, there is stillshortcoming in CSR effective implementation and limitations in Nigeria. A. The CSR approaches, forms and packages are poorly combined by the MNCs indeveloping countries (Idemudia and Ite, 2006; Aaron, 2012). There is often a derailin the corporate development projects due to lack of transparency and corruptionbetween the host community leaders and MNCs (Frynas, 2005; Ogula, 2012).B. There is lack of national macro-economic planning and management, backed byequitable resource allocation, and an enabling environment have significantimplications for the overall implementation of CSR initiatives by MNCs indeveloping countries (Ite, 2004). The CSR activities and programmes cannot beeffective if it does not consider economic, environmental and social sustainability(Enuoh and Inyang, 2014).C. MNCs are not taking CSR as seriously as they should. They operate corporatephilanthropy rather than CSR and it invariably leads to them becoming corporatesocial irresponsible companies because the environment is still damaged by oilspillage (George et al., 2012).D. The government agencies are ineffective and lack the technical know-how toeffectively monitor, adhere and comply with the oil industry regulatory standards(Hilson, 2012; Ogula, 2012).E. There is no law that mandates companies to implement CSR policies in theiroperational spheres (Ijaiya, 2014).5 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY5.1 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter as explained by Remenyi et al. (2003) considers a crucial factor in anexploration in a master?s research study in particular, it elucidates the investigated problem so "