"Caste study 5: Traditional pond based IAAS in Hungary and Czech Republic.Ponds were constructed in wetlands and from environmental point of view, wetlands aredescribed as the most productive ecosystems on earth (Ghermandiet al., 2008).Theseponds are semi-intensive for the production of medium and low market value species.Sustainability involves production of human needs such as food without deteriorating theenvironment to enable the use of the same resources by the next generations (Percy,2003).Environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability are interlinkedand they need to be embraced by development projects as a single complex unit(Azapagicet al., 2016). Hence aquaculture projects should not focus on a single aspect likeecological preservation and ignore social sustainability (Azapagic and Perdan,2014).Therefore, the points discussed below may cut across the three aspects of sustainability.Aquaculture traditional ponds in Hungary and the Czech Republic mainly use natural foodsources to produce fish (Sorensen et al., 2016)to ensure environmental sustainability.Phytoplankton and all microalgae are natural foods for fish and zooplankton in the foodchain (Brown et al., 1997).Microalgae are able to produce the most important fatty acidswhich contribute to high quality fish (Borowitzka, 1997).Using phytoplankton to feed inponds is more ecologically sustainable than using fish oil and fish meal (Sorensen et al.,2016).Microalgae contains between 30 – 40% protein, 10 – 20% oil, and 5 – 15%carbohydrate (Brown et al., 1997).Ponds Nature Reserve in Hungary uses 70 – 75% of plankin fish production while the remaining 25% - 30% is supplemented by cereals such asmaize,3 barley and wheat (Hambarey et al., 2008).Over 10000 or 20000dm of zooplankton andbetween 25,000 and 49,000 m – z pf zoobenthos in Hungarian ponds were eaten by fish(Sharma and Olah, 1986). Traditional Linkage ofaquaculture fish ponds in Hungary and Czech Republic with otherenterprises like pig, cattle and poultry production is an indication of environmentalsustainability, through use of their manures to fertilise the ponds (Zhang et al., 1987).Theorganic carbon added in terms of pig manure, cattle dung and poultry manure in ponds isincorporated into the fish via plankton and benthos which are then directly eaten by the fish(Sharma and Olah, 1986).The system of using organic manures to fertilise ponds is alsoefficient at waste disposal and waste utilisation (Ogelloet al., 2013).Application of organicmanures increase fish yields in Hungary and Czech republic for example, daily application ofmanures at 5 or 7 days intervals increased net fish yields by 38%( Zhu et al., 1990). Furthersuggested the conversion of manure into fish protein as 8.3kg dry manure.1kg wet fishweight use of organicmanure instead of very expensive inorganic manures makes thisaquaculture system rural-based since pig and poultry manures are cheaper and readilyavailable and affordable to rural farmers (Wohlfarth and Schroeder, 1979) in Hungary andZcech republic in Hungary, ponds that use organicManure and pond polyculture had better input/output ratio compared to inorganicallyfertilised ponds (Schoeder, 1987).Proper pond nutrient and organic waste cycling make fishfarming an efficient and effective system of protein production (Olahet al., 1978).Anarannypointy fish pond in Hungary and Rozmberk fish pond in Czech Republic are largeponds and act as natural wetlands by providing habitant to wild Flora and Fauna (Hambreyetal., 2008). The vegetation around the ponds and within the ponds provide food to birds andsustain them (Borowiec and Grabinski, 1982).Examples of birds on Trebon fish wetlandponds in Czech republic includes; bittern, BotaurusStellaris,TxobrychusMinutus,Fulicaatra,GallinulaChloropus, EmberizaSchoenichus,ducks among others (Winiecki and Wesolowski, 1987).Pondsare therefore, potential biotope for many Flora and Fauna species which are indanger of extinction(Erdeli and Dinca,2010).It is for this reason that Aranyponty fish Farmin Hungary was declared a wetland of International Importance under the RamsarConvention on wetlands in 1997(Szucset al., 2007).The birds and other animal and plantspecies promote eco-tourism (Ganguly et al. 2015).On the Aranyponty fish ponds inRetimajor region of Hungary, there are bird watching stations, Museum, traditional fishrestaurant, conference and accommodation rooms, among others and it is said that tourismaccounts for 40% of this farm’s earnings (Percy,2003;Chytil et al., 2006 ; Ramsar,2007).Erdeliand Dinca(2011) suggested that in even in rural areas,better tourism infrastructure can beestablished to promote and preserve the ecological and cultural aspects of ecosystemswhere aquaculture projects could have been established.Aranyponty fish ponds provide numerous employment opportunities to the rural populationwhere it is located (Varadi, 2011).Currently over approximately 70 people are employeddirectly at the farm with over 500 indirect jobs created. Examples of jobs include Managersof different ponds at the farm, restaurant attendants, Museum attendants, receptionistsand so on. Job creation to the community members is an indicator of social acceptance andtherefore sustainability (Tvetera and Bjorndal, 1982).This considerably contributes toreduction of poverty as well as improving social welfare of the communities (Ganguly et al.,2015).Pond aquaculture, though on a small scale, can uplift the living standards of the ruralpoor in a sustainable way (Frimponget al., 2014; Tucker et al., 2008, Tacon et al., 2009).Evidence available from the Hungarian case study shows that 50 – 90% of fish 0f the fishspecies kept is the common carp (Suzcset al., 2007).Culturing fish species of the lower foodchain is more ecologically sustainable sine they don’t entirely depend on compounded feeds like fish meal and fish oil (Galal – Khallafet al., 2016).This is in agreement with internationalguidelines to make the aquaculture industry sustainable through encouragement to fishdown the food web (Essington et al., 2006).Although common carp production or yieldsdepending on natural plankton and organic fertilisation of ponds may be low (Szucset al.,2007), such wetland pond aquaculture is a success in uplifting the livelihoods of the ruralpoor especially the women thereby ensuring social sustainability (Taconet al., 2009).This isalso further in acceptance of international sustainability guidelines whereby aquacultureproduction should not go beyond the ecological resilience of the ecosystem (Hambrey andSenior, 2007).The diversified ecosystem activities at Aranyponty Fish Farm in Hungary provide economicsustainability (Hambrey et al., 2008),for example, eco-tourism as evidenced by birdwatching stations, traditional fish restaurants, conference rooms and gift shop;environmental or biodiversity protection through vegetation preservation and a ramsarsite,preservation of indigenous culture as evidenced by the presence of a wetland school andmuseum. All these diversified ecosystem activities are in line with aquaculture sustainableguidelines where aquaculture should promote ecosystem functions(Hambreyet al.,2008).Natural wetland ecosystems provide numerous services to communities at both localand international level which should not be terminated by aquaculture developments(Barbieret al., 1997). Aranyponty Fish Farm earns more money from the utilization of thevarious services than if it was depending on fish sales only (Berka, 2007). "