"Disadvantage of sorting:Sorting can damage the food raw material because of improper handling by human operators,dumping or dropping material (Sivasankar, 2002).Traditionally sorting is done by hand, which is an extensively labor intensive process. Color is animportant sorting parameter used in the implementation of many automated vision system.Optical sorting has been used in case of apples destined for canning (Rahman, 2007).Cleaning of Raw material:Cleaning is an essential preliminary operation in fruit juice industry. The two main objective ofcleaning fruits are (i) Removal of contaminants (Table 2).(ii) Control of microbiological loads (Saravacos and Kostaropoulos,2002).Different cleaning process are used, the selection of the process must satisfy these objectives:(i) Separations efficiency of the process must be high.(ii) Damage of cleaned fruit must be avoided.(iii)Recontamination of cleaned fruit must be avoided (Sivasankar,2002).Generally water is used for cleaning and washing of fruit and vegetables .The source and qualityof the water must be considered. There are three parameter (Wiley,1994) for this which are asfollows:1.Quantity of water used 5-10 L/Kg of product.2.Temperature of water 4 degree Celsius of the product.3.Concentration of active chlorine 100mg/ml.[11] Table 2: Contaminants found on raw fruits and vegetablesS.no. Type of contaminant Examples1.Minerals Soil, Stones, Grease, Engine oil2. Plant Weed Seeds and Leaves3. Animal Hair, Bone , Excreta4. Chemical Pesticides, Fertilizers5. Microbial cells Fungal growth, Yeasts6. Microbial Product Color, Toxins and Flavors(Source :Fellows, Peter J. Food processing technology: principles and practice. Elsevier, 2009.)There are two method of cleaning are used:(i)Wet Method:Wet cleaning method used as the first stage of processing of raw material in food industry. Wetcleaning is suitable for heavily soiled raw material like fruits and vegetables. A most efficientwet cleaning procedure in case of apple is spray washing which uses high pressure sprays andrequire small volume of water (Saravacos and Maroulis, 2011).Spray belt washer is one of thecommonly employed designs of spray washers. It consists of conveyor perforated belt, whichcarry the food piece beneath banks of water sprays (Saravacos and Kostaropoulos, 2002).Floating washing (Figure 6) is based on difference in buoyancy between the desired andundesired parts of raw material being treated. If harvested orange fruit is immersed in a largevolume of water, heavy piece and particle such as soil, metal, glass and rotten fruit will sinkwhereas the sound fruit pieces are naturally buoyant and will float (Ortega-Rivas, 2012).[12] Figure 6: Principle of flotation washingDemerit:1. Large quantity of high purity water required.2. Wet cleaning often leaves the treated product with an excess amount of water on it.Dewatering may be accompanished by passage of raw material over vibrating screen this willremove the excess of the water from the product (Ortega-Rivas, 2012).Dry Method:Dry cleaning method such as screening, brushing, aspiration, abrasion, and magnetic separationcan be applied (Wiley, 1994).If the apple have been machine harvested, which is possible forjuice production, then leaves and twigs will require removal of dry cleaning operation using ahigh-velocity fan (Arthey&Ashurst,1996). Preparation for extraction in case of temperate fruits(apple):Juice extraction, the removal of juice from fibrous solid particles, is the basic step of fruit juiceproduction (Rizvi, 2010).[13] Crushing :The juicing process start with the crushing step to break down the cell tissue (Barrett, SomogyiandRamaswamy,2004).In crushing the particle size are reduced through mechanical andenzymatic process (Somogyi, Barrett and Hui,1996). The greater the degree of crushing, thegreater is the number of cell damaged. During the crushing process, ascorbic acid can be addedto protect against oxidation (Laferet al., 1998).Grinding mill: Grinding mill (Figure 7) is a traditional method of crushing the fruits .The fruit are drawn pastfixed knives mounted on a rotating cylinder. Control of the grind was accomplished by adjustingthe depth of the knives (Barrett, Somogyi and Ramaswamy, 2004).It is used in case of pome fruit(Laferet al., 1998). Figure 7: Grinding millHammer mill:Hammer mill (Figure 8) are the device used to crush the whole fruit in preparation for pressing.Hammer mill consist of heavy stainless steel bar spinning from a common axis under a highspeed of rotation. The fruit is disintegrated until it will pass out through the screen of specificsize mounted in the bottom of the mill. With firm fruits, a small screen size should be used(Somogyi, Barrett and Hui, 1996).Hammer mill are used for mashing apple for juice extraction(Singh, 1995).[14] Figure 8: Hammer millExtraction:The hydraulic cider press (Figure 9) is one of the older methods of pressing ground apples but itis widely used in commercial setup around the world. Ground apple pulp passes directly from thechopper to the press cloth; this method does not involve using enzymes in the mash .For loadinga rack is placed in a press truck; a bottomless box is placed on the rack; a press cloth is placed onthe rack so that conger hangover the sides. The press cloths are coarsely woven cloths cut to fitin a press. Apple pulp is placed in a form until it is evenly filled. The apple pulp is then wrappedup in the cloth. Another rack is placed on the filled cloth and processes repeated until there is astack of cheese that it the capacity of the press (Bates, Morris, Crandall, 2001).Figure 9: Hydraulic cider press[15] "