"5Leadership and Managementquo, take risks in accomplishing common goals as well as attaining the long- termorganizational goals. In using „transformational? styles, leaders always focus on thebenefits of their followers as well as share the vision (Bass, 1990). However leaders areexpected to possess some vital qualities that include; toughness, integrity, vision, decisive,selflessness, trust, risk- taking, visibility, communication ability as well as commitment.House (1977), point out that in addition to this, leaders are expected to have a sense ofmission, problem solving abilities, charisma and the ability to influence people. According to the article by Lunenburg (2011) in trying to offer the difference betweenleadership and management, it is clear that although managers are given the authority tolead it is not guaranteed that they would lead effectively. A leader exists there to challengethe status quo as well as inspiring and persuading the organizational members on theattainment of the mission and vision of the organization. Manager in any organization arealso very vital since they help maintain the smooth running of the organizational functionalworkplace. The difference further, can be noted with the situational assessment whereKotter (1987) argues that management focus much on the coping with complexity whileleadership focus on coping with change. Leaders as opposed to managers focus more on;the development of and organizational vision, communication of the vision and aligningthe followers with the vision as well as motivation of people to taking action through thefulfillment of the basic needs as well as empowerment.2.0 Leadership Theories2.1 Trait Theory 6Leadership and ManagementThe leadership theory of „Trait? is the type that was dominant in the initial decade ofstudying leadership that was later disdained due to its lack of the ability to give a cleardistinction between leadership and non-leadership as well as failing to give a situationalvariance of leaders in relations to their behaviors (Zaccaro, 2007). However, it is vital tounderstand the concept of this theory as well as its effectiveness in the contemporarysetting where the landscape of leadership is shifting at an unprecedented rate. Trait theory was defined by the personal traits that leaders possess. It was backed bythe assumption that leaders are endowed with numerous exceptional qualities that sets theapart from their followers. These traits too are the determinants of some leaders?effectiveness compared to others (Judge et al, 2009). A leader is therefore considered to bea conglomeration of different set of personality traits and attributes. According to (Zaccaro,2007) when these qualities and traits are put together and integrated in a meaningful way,they are likely to give a prediction of the leadership outcome of one. According to Stogdill (1974), exemplary skills and traits are critical to any leader. Thetraits in question according to Stogdill include; assertiveness, adaptation to situations,dependability, alertness to social environment, cooperation, ambitiousness andachievement-orientation, decisiveness, persistence, dominance and desire to influenceothers, self- confidence, energetic with high level of activity, intelligence, tolerance tostressful situations, willing to assume responsibility, creativity, conceptually skilled,fluency in speaking, persuasiveness, organization and possession of administrativeabilities, interpersonal skilled, diplomacy and tactfulness.7Leadership and Management2.1 Great Man TheoryThis theory is considered to revolve around highly influential people or heroes whichutilize their charisma, wisdom and intelligence to influence organizational behavior andperceptions. The theory popularized by Thomas Carlyle in 1840 as well as Herbert Spencerin 1860.The Great Man theory has been seen as likely study theory of the World War IIpersonalities like Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Sir Winston Churchill, Adolf Hitler, JosephStalin and Benito Mussolini that influenced the historical events through their personaldecisions and orders. As Thomas Carlyle would put it, The history of the world is but thebiography of great men," it is therefore worthy concluding that the Great Man theoryreflects on the position and belief that history is shaped by heroes through their exceptionalattributes and personalities. In his book „On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic inHistory,? Calryle provides concrete evidence of some heroes that shaped the course ofhistory in their own ways including; Luther, Shakespeare, Muhammad, Napoleon andRousseau (Calryle, 1840). In examining these heroes, one cannot resist to examinesomething about their trust nature. 3.0 Effectiveness of Relevant Theories of Management and LeadershipAs pointed out by Sharma and Jain (2013), management and leadership have to workhand in hand. Although not necessarily linked, they are considered to be linked and tocomplement one another. Any effort to separate the two is considered to result to addingmore problems than solving any at all. It is worth noting that bring them together wouldhelp administer and innovate at the same time, task that are handled by managers andleaders respectively. 8Leadership and ManagementThe difference in the situation, therefore call for different actions which can be solvedwith combining both leadership and managements. It is clear in Sharma and Jain (2013)that one situation will not always guarantee a similar action as another. Good judgment istherefore critical in deciding the best course of action as well as the leadership style thatmight be needed in a specific scenario. It is worth noting that more than the personal traitsconsidered in „Trait Theory? and „Great Man? theory, situations are the ones that normallyhave a greater effect on a leader. This is due to the two former theories lacking consistencyacross all situations as compared to the „Process Theory of Leadership.? However, the„Process Theory of Leadership? is affected by some four critical factors that include; therelationship with the seniors, followers' skills, organizational informal leadership as well asthe organization structure.Situational leadership, according to McCleskey (2014) requires that one has a rationalcomprehension on certain situations and the appropriate response to undertake. On thistheory, leaders focus on specific tasks as well as their relationship with their followers.This is because the maturity level of the followers depends entirely on the leadership stylesthat are adopted. Under the situation leadership approach, one focuses on the leaders andtheir motivation; whether one is people?s relational focused or task- oriented. Forrelational-oriented leadership, the concerns and affairs of the others matter a lot. Thisinvolves solving conflicts and seeking relations that are harmonious, reducing emotionalconflicts as well as regulating equal participation (Heath & Lee, 2011). Task- orientedleadership on the other hand, focuses on defining the role of the followers by givinginstructions, establishing formal communication as well as the creating organizationalpatterns. "