"• The rules of conduct that dictate to a particulargroup,culture, etc. what is deemed to be amoral/appropriate (right or wrong) action,behaviour or decision (e.g. Business ethics,Marketing ethics, etc.) • In the context of research, this poses a major challenge and thus, a consensus is needed in defining a “universal” set of rules/guidelines that dictate what is ‘ethical’ and ‘unethical’ in research Dr Nataliya Shiraz 2016/17 13• The origin of codes of research ethics dates back to the Nuremberg Code- a set of prescriptive rules that were established in 1947 by a military tribunal in response to the “inhumane” experiments (war crimes) that were committed during World War II. • The principles outlined in the “Nuremberg Code” include: – Voluntary consent – Avoidance of unnecessary harm or suffering – Avoidance of accidental death or disability – Termination of research if the risks are ‘high’ – Experiments should be conducted by highly qualified (professional) people – Results should be for the good of society 14 Dr Nataliya Shiraz 2016/17• To ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the publicEthical norms in research, which is conducive to building publicsupport for research.• Promote a variety of important moral and social values, such associal responsibility, health and safety, human rights, animalwelfare, compliance with the law, etc: – To protect the vulnerable – To ensure transparency – To ensure equitable treatment of those taking part – To ensure that duty of care is met for those we do research on/with • To ensure compliance with National, European, and Internationallaw, and regulations • Theethical code of conduct also promotes the values that areessential to collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutualrespect, and fairness 15 Dr Nataliya Shiraz 2016/17Any research project that involves: • Human and/or animal participants • Use of the ‘products’ of human participants • Work that potentially impacts (directly orindirectly) on human participants• Where ethical approval is deemed unnecessarya disclaimer may be signed by the researcher(and supervisor) 16 Dr Nataliya Shiraz 2016/17"