"Evaluation of education systemDoctoral Programmes: These degrees are awarded in two ways the first being the one in whichinvolve the coursework research and examination while the second one is awarded on the basisof the research.2.2.4 Parameters of good examination:The different parameters of good examination include:(a) Authenticity (b) dependability (c) discrimination (d) comparability and (e) backwash effect. Authenticity: The authenticity refers to what amount the test is measuring what it is supposed tomeasure. The authenticity of the content is the measure of the extent to which an assessmenttakes examples of what was being taught depending upon the aim of the course. The authenticityof a test can be increased by structuring the assessments the contents of the course along withaims of the course and the teaching methodologies.Dependability: The dependency is nothing but a way of measuring the consistency of the test thatare taken across the different examiners. Thus it can be said that it is a way of producing thesimilar results across different examiner at different occasions at different times. Dependabilityare governed by some factors that can be efficiently managed involving the way in which themarking is to be done, the environment during which the evaluation takes place and the criteria’sfor the test.Though it can also be controlled by some factors that are not controllable such mayinclude the health in which the candidate is, the disposition of the candidate and the frame ofmind in which the evaluator can be during the process of giving marks. An evaluation thatcannot be trusted leads to impacting the reliability. The dependability of the assessments can beincreased by proper instructions, clarity of questions and the right timing of the examinations.The marking pattern should be of very high quality and using examiner that are trained.12 Evaluation of education systemDifferential: A differential test is the one inwhich the markings are normally distributed butthey are neither reviewed positively nor they are reviewed in a negative manner. The questionsshould neither have very easy answers nor do the questions should be that difficult that they arevery hard to answer.Comparability: The comparability can be viewed as the way to differentiate between differentcandidates effectively as per the differences that are occurring individually Backwash effect: There are always going to some effects among those there are a lot of positiveand negative effects of the examination on the syllabus, faculties and students. Students usuallylearn what they think is important from the perspective of the examination and make it their topagenda for learning. Thus the examinations should be structured in such a way that whatever thestudents are learning should always be a part of their curriculum. Examinations are both capableof producing positive and negative effects on the institutions its faculties and students. Some unfortunate effects of the examinations are as follows.Student:Good Effect: the good effects includes? Inspire the students to gain knowledge for a particular reason.? Motivating them to keep on doing the hard work and measuring the real achievement to astandardBad Effects: the bad effects include13 Evaluation of education system? Encouraging the implementation of the ideas that are given by other individuals ratherthan being creative.? It shall promote competition rather than cooperation among the individualsTeachers:Positive effects on the teachers basically include ? It promotes detailed and extensive coverage of the matter that is to be taught to thestudents.? It pushes the maintenance of the standardsNegative effects: The negative effects may include the following:? It restricts the teacher by giving it the limitations on the way they present their contents.? The teacher adheres to the traits that are verifiable and leave the traits that are notverifiable.Institutions: There are various positive effects and negative effects that it has on the institutions:Positive Effects: The positive effects may include the following:? One of the positive effects can be sustaining of the standards of the education.? It promotes the creation revision and proper maintenance of the curriculum? It promotes in identifyingand recognizing the talent according to its merit and using itfor the purpose of the scientific means.Negative Effects : The negative effects the institution may include the following points:? Creating wrong standards of education that can have a very deteriorating and bad impact.14 Evaluation of education system? The negative impact promotes a mediocrity and ineffectiveness among the students of theuniversities.? The negative impact includes creation of the curriculum that does not have any relevanceor is wrong.2.3 Digital Technology and Its role in the Teaching and Student performanceIn the course of recent years, innovation has changed society and changed numerous parts ofeveryday life. The multiplication of innovation has prompted a developing accord amongteachers and the overall population that it ought to assume a more indispensable part inunderstudies' instructions (Culp et al., 2003; CEO Forum on Education and Technology, 2001;Fouts, 2000; Johnson, 2000). Schools' utilization of instructive innovation has proceeded toconsistently increment throughout the years, as instructors acquaint a mixed bag of endeavorswith incorporating innovation into the educational module. In 2003, just 4 percent of U.S. schoolregions had executed balanced PC programs (in which every student was given a PC for his orher own utilization). By 2006, more than 24 percent of school areas were in transition tobalanced projects. In 2006, the America's Digital Schools report evaluated that more than 19percent of all student gadgets were portable and anticipated that this percent would increment to52 percent by 2011 (The Greaves Group, 2006). In 2008, there were, by and large, 3.8 studentsfor each instructional PC in the country's government funded schools, contrasted with 5.7students for every PC in 1999, and 125 understudies for every PC in 1983 (Education Week,2008; Glennan&Melmed, 1996).Instructive innovation is not limited to individual PC utilization. It can include other gear andapplications, for example, videoconferencing, advanced TV (permitting students to communicate15 "