"Nano- Biotechnological Advances For Diabetic Wound Healing 1NANO- BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES FOR DIABETIC WOUND HEALINGBy (Name)InstructorCourseDate Nano- Biotechnological Advances For Diabetic Wound Healing 1IntroductionThe research analyzes the different mechanisms developed in carrying out wound care andmanagement activities. Much effort has been put forward to address the Anti-bacterialnanoparticles in easing the process of wound healing. Focus is on wound healing especiallyon diabetic patients who in the past have experienced challenges in the healing process. Thepresent research will seek to address Biotechnological Strategies and Tissue engineering tofacilitate wound healing process. Further efforts will seek to analyze future trends and Nano-biotechnological advancements and their impact on the healing process of wounds in diabeticpatientsGrowth factor regeneration: VEGF and bFGFFor a successful wound care, there is a high involvement of optimizing the patient‘ssystemic and local conditions, coupled up with an ideal environment for the wound to heal. Inthe recent past, a variety of different products have been developed, mostly to influence thewound environment to come up with a pathogen-free, moist area and to initiate and completethe wound healing process (Thangarajah et al., 2009, 13508). One such aspect deals with thegrowth factors and also biologic products for the wound. The biological wound products haveseen a big leap in the development and use mainly because of our understanding of thewound healing response and process has increased. In most cases, normally the process of wound healing is an occurrence that ispredictable and passes through the inflammatory, maturation processes, and proliferation(Cross and Dexter, 1991, 280). The process is mainly driven by a lot of cellular mediatorsand includes eicosanoids, nitric oxide, cytokines and a big deal of other growth factors(Yudovsky, Nouvong, & Pilon, 2010, 1100). The primary goal of this recent progress in the Nano- Biotechnological Advances For Diabetic Wound Healing 2wound curing progression and the biological wound products is to increase the curing processby modulating the inflammatory mediators (Hanft et al., 2008, 34). Sadly, the localapplication of recombinant human bFGF and VEGF in the treatment of mainly neuropathicdiabetic foot ulcers has shown little efficacy in this treatment among this group. The maincause for these are as a consequence of the little half-life of growth factors mainly at theinjured surface and sometimes the rapid leakage also prove this method a slight letdown(Saboo et al., 2016, 114). Also, a chronic wound can at times cause growth factor inactivationand degeneration which can be as a result of elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinaseactivity. It is given this that the treatment involves a little-advanced technology to beat thelimitation. The development of controlled-release systems that prevent the recombinant growthfactors mainly from enzymatic degradation and they provide a sustained delivery to thewound site and during the healing process enhance the tissue regeneration (Komori et al.,2005, 835). The use of biodegradable nanoparticle mainly as carrier systems for thesustainable delivery of the therapeutic agents to speed up the wound healing processes suchas the nitric oxide and the epidermal growth factor has made a sophisticated interest in thisprocess (Qi et al., 2014, 2106). But a negative factor to this that the capsules tend to be, mostof the times released in a much uncontrolled manner and as a result of this, they burst releaseprofile in the first phase (Blakytny & Jude, 2006, 595). Moreover, the nanoparticles whichare mainly incorporated in the solutions or powders often leak out from the site of the woundand thus they require daily administration which is tiresome at times (Ajazuddin & Saraf,2010, 681). To beat these shortcomings so as to improve the treatment, VEGF and the bFGFloaded nanoparticles into a fibrin-based polymeric scaffold is mainly introduced nowadays.To make this possible, the scaffold is fabricated by the spray phase-inversion technique andthus is composed of a fibrin layer (Andreopoulos & Persaud, 2006, 2448).Nano- Biotechnological Advances For Diabetic Wound Healing 3The Fibrin layer acts as a drug delivery system. The poly(ether)urethane- polydimethylsiloxane scientifically named (PEtU-PDMS) layer, is the one that provides themechanical rigidity making it easier to handle all cases (GRIFFITH, 2002, 84). Thus, theapplication of scaffolds that have bFGF and VEGF that are loaded into nanoparticles on anopen skin wound induce the significant granulation tissue formation, re-epithelialization, andcollagen deposition that increase the rate of wound closure as compared to the previousmethods of wound healing (Qi et al., 2014, 1407). There have been a lot of benefits that havebeen accrued from the clinical investigations of these products.Growth factors depend onsignal transduction pathways.Transcription factors are required and are critical signalingmolecules (Zhang et al.,2014, 376).These control cells during their developmental stage, andcan help achieve tissue regeneration in full grown adults by enabling control over growthfactor and developing a delivery based therapy.One way of Tissue-regeneration involves the strategies of scaffold-based delivery ofvarious signaling molecules to enable cell migration and differentiation (Cao et al., 2009,4086). Examples of such molecules include low-molecular-weight drugs, someoligonucleotides, and proteins.Skin wounds of people with diabetes are often tough to betreated because of the reduction in the action of endogenous growing factors (Ciolino & Yeh,1999, 1341). Some modern growth factor options are ?Recombinant human vascularendothelial growth factor? (VEGF) and ?basic fibroblast growth factor? (bFGF) (Cai, 2007,45). These can encourage cell creation and thus help in the process of injury healing. Theirbioactivity can be increased many folds by Direct delivering of VEGF and bFGF to thelocation of the injury (Endean, 2005, 67). To do this in a controllable so that delivery can beachieved without the loss is important in such kinds of treatment.Recently a poly(ether)urethane–polydimethylsiloxane/fibrin-based scaffold containingpoly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles laden with VEGF and bFGF was studied Nano- Biotechnological Advances For Diabetic Wound Healing 4for evaluation of its wound curative properties. The initial tests have been carried out onmice. When scaffolds with and without growth factors were applied, the ones with growthfactors showed that the wounds closed faster than those without growth factors. Scaffolds thathad free bFGF and VEGF made the whole re-epithelialization. Also, enhanced granulationand tissue formation were noticed. The success of these scaffolds loaded with growth factorsin treating wounds in mice is a breakthrough in modern medicine.Also, polymeric scaffoldshave been used for physical encapsulation of growth factors this enables their controlledrelease. This can also help in is local growth factor delivery in tissue engineering. Deliverymaterials that have considerable mechanical strength and degradation rates can be selectedand fabricated.Fabrication can be done by solvent casting and particulate leaching (Lucas etal., 2010, 3965). Other methods include freeze-drying and phase separation.Antibacterial Nanoparticles For wound healing to be effective and rapid especially in people with chronic wounds,a coordinated cellular response, mostly involving the fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells(VECs), and Keratinocytes is often required. It is through this process that several pieces ofresearch using modern technology is necessary to produce this effect.Cerium Oxide NanoparticlesTopical application of the water-soluble nanoparticles of the Cerium Oxideaccelerates the healing of the dermal wounds through a technique that involves theimprovement of the migration and the proliferation of the fibroblasts, VECs, and thekeratinocytes. The process is aided by the penetration of the Nanoceria into the wound tissueand the reduced oxidative damage that occurs in the cellular membranes and the proteins.Cerium oxide nanoparticles also are known as the Nanoceria act as scavengers of superoxide,through a catalytic rate that is greater than the cellular superoxide dismutase (Ansari et al., "