"1/2 page for following question:"What would be the long term effects on not being able to control muscle contraction?"(6points)Ans: Uncontrolled muscle contraction is known as myoclonus. A single muscle or groups ofmuscles are involved. This causes muscle twitch which is painful, it gets released in sometime.This twitch is responsible for hiccups. Long term effects are:1. Dystonia- due to sustained contraction of muscles that causes painful spasms and fixedpostures. It can lead to an abnormal body position and problems with walking orperforming other voluntary movements.2. Blepharospasm- muscle twitch in eyelid, when severe results in blindness3. Stroke – causes neurological damage and finally death4. Ataxia- Ataxia is a neurological condition that affects the part of your brain that controlscoordinated movement (cerebellum). Ataxia may cause uncoordinated movements,imbalance and other symptoms.5. Parkinson’s disease – degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Results inshaking, rigidity and slowness of movement.6. Tardive dyskinesia - repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements. Involuntarymovements include grimacing, tongue protrusion, lip smacking, puckering and pursing ofthe lips, and rapid eye blinking. Rapid, involuntary movements of the limbs, torso, andfingers may also occur. 1/2 page for following question: "How might the technology associated with cochlear implants also be used to help peoplewith vision problems?" Ans: cochlear implants are special devices which helps translate sound into electrical impulsesthat are delivered directly to the inner ear. Individuals who have acquired deaf blindness (loss ofhearing and vision combined) may find cochlear implants a radical improvement in their dailylives. It may provide them with more safety, communication, balance, orientation and mobilityand promote interaction within their environment and with other people, reducing isolation.Having more auditory information than they may be familiar with may provide them withsensory information that will help them become more independent.One full page for the following question:What causes a person with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gerrig’s disease) to die? Ans: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) also known as Lou gerrig’s disease is a progressivedegenerative neurological disorder. The nerve cells of the brain and the spinal cord which controlthe voluntary muscles movement gradually start to deteriorate. This results in muscle waste,leading to paralysis and finally death. The lower motor neurons which control the vital activitieslike limb movements, swallowing and breathing are affected.The symptoms of this disease are:? Difficulty in swallowing or breathing? twitchingand cramping of muscles ofhands and feet? impairment of the use of the arms and legs? "thick speech" and difficulty in projecting the voice? in more advanced stages, shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing and swallowing? weight loss? voice changes, hoarseness? Head drop due to weakness of the neck musclesThe causes of ALS are mostly heredity. It is caused due to defective gene not producing normalamount of the superoxide dismutase enzyme. The enzyme helps to neutralize the free radicals(reactive oxygen species) which are formed during metabolism. The free radicals have thecapacity to degenerate the body tissues. Research has shown that the disease can also be causeddue environmental like exposure to heavy metals, animal hides, fertilizers. Apart from theseenvironmental factors viral infection and severe physical trauma can also cause the diseasecondition. Only 5% of the disease are inherited 95% are due to environmental conditions. Muscle wastage is the main cause of death in people with this disease condition. At present thereis no cure or treatment for this disease. The disease can only be controlled with certainmedicines, it reduces muscle cramping and special equipments like ventilators can be providedfor breathing problem. Till date there is no permanent cure for the disease. One full page for the following question: Why are impulses transmitted more quickly down a myelinated axon than anunmyelinated axon?Ans:An impulse is the message transferred along the fibers of the neurons or spinal cord. Theimpulse is received by the dendrites and passed through the cell body to the axon. There are twotypes of axons one is covered with myelinated sheath and other axon is plain without myelinatedsheath. The impulse is transmitted more quickly down a myelinated sheath compared to non- myelinated sheath. Transmission of impulse across myelinated sheath:Once the impulse is generated at a particular point on the membrane, that point becomesdepolarized. The cations diffuse from the electropositive depolarized region to theelectronegative polarized region through the axoplasm (cytoplasm of the axon). Simultaneously,the cations in the ECF diffuse from the electropositive polarized region to the electronegativedepolarized region through the ECF. Thus, the neighboring region becomes depolarized.These fibers are covered with myelinated sheath all over except in Nodes of Ranvier region. Inthese fibers depolarization takes place only in the nodes and the diffusion of cations takes placein this area. Hence the impulse generated in one node jumps to the next node. This type oftransmission is known as saltatory conduction. In this type of transmission the impulse does nottravel through the whole fiber and hence the transmission is faster. Impulse transmission across myelinated sheathTransmission across non-myelinated sheath:In the unmyelinated axon the action potential reaches from a point and causes a depolarization ofthe cell membrane, this depolarization of the membrane causes a local current which changes thevoltage at the outside another point which activates its sodium channels causing them to openand the action potential moves to the next point. Simultaneously, the cations in the extracellularfluid (ECF) diffuse from the electropositive polarized region to the electronegative depolarizedregion through the ECF. Thus, the neighboring region becomes depolarized. In this manner, theimpulses travel all along the non-myelinated fibers. Transmission across non-myelinated sheathHence the transmission of impulse is faster along the myelinated sheath compared to non- myelinated sheath.One full page for the following question:Are we destined to become artificial humans by 2050?Considering artificial eyes and nanobones?Ans: Ray Kurzweil made certain prediction about humans in the future. According to him by2015 humans will become nanobots by the advent of nanotechnology. All the internal organs ofhumans will be incorporated with nanotechnology. These include fully artificial organs thatnever fail bionic eyes and ears providing Superman-like senses, nanoscale brain interfaces whichgreatly augment the wearer's intelligence, synthetic blood and bodily fluids which can filterdeadly toxins and provide hours' worth of oxygen in a single breath. Some of the moreadventurous citizens are undergoing voluntary amputations to gain prosthetic arms and legs "