How does smoking lead to the changes seen in the lungs

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Reference no: EM133836443

Assignment:

A 62-year-old male, former smoker with a 40-pack-year history, presents to the clinic with worsening shortness of breath over the past year. He reports a chronic productive cough, fatigue, and occasional wheezing. He finds it difficult to walk up a flight of stairs without stopping to catch his breath. The patient also mentions that he gets frequent respiratory infections, and the last one led to a three-day hospital stay. Physical examination reveals a barrel-shaped chest, use of accessory muscles for breathing, and decreased breath sounds with wheezes upon auscultation. A chest X-ray shows hyperinflation of the lungs, and spirometry confirms a decreased FEV1/FVC ratio, consistent with COPD. How does smoking lead to the changes seen in the lungs, such as hyperinflation and the barrel-shaped chest?

Reference no: EM133836443

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