Fundamentals Of Immune Systems

 The improvement of the vertebrates via the evolution of species is accompanied also by the evolution of the immune system or IS of the species. The immune system or IS of vertebrates contains hierarchically arranged organs, cells and molecules in the body that perform the job of defending the living body from foreign attack. This does so via searching the malfunctioning cells from its own body and foreign disease responsible elements. The underlying mechanism is highly complicated and can be emulated to resolve different pragmatic problems of shop floor, scheduling and design. Given successful implementation of artificial neural network or ANN to these fields, artificial immune system has recently drawn great attention of practitioners and researchers. The basic of natural and artificial immune systems are briefly reviewed as given below: