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Stratification - Aquatic ecosystems
Aquatic ecosystems also exhibit marked stratification. In lake and ocean ecosystems light penetration, temperature and availability of oxygen varies with depth. In summer, a well stratified lake has a layer of freely circulating surface water with uniform temperature known as the epilimnion.
A second layer called metalimnion which is characterised by a thermocline (a very steep and rapid decline in temperature). The third layer - the hypolimnion, is a deep, cold layer of dense water, often low in oxygen; and a layer of bottom mud. In terms of availability of light, a water body is divided into two layers: an upper lighted zone which is dominated by phytoplanktons and where photosynthesis occurs vigorously and a lower layer in which decomposition is most active. The lower layer roughly corresponds to the hypolimnion and the bottom mud.
Modification of Food Starches Positive attributes of starches can be greatly improved and/or negative characteristics diminished by slight and relatively simple modifications.
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