Shock, Biology

Assignment Help:

Shock

It is defined as a generalized acute reduction in the perfusion of tissues by which there is oxygen deficiency in the cells. It is characterized by reduction in effective circulating volume and reduction in arterial blood pressure.

Etiology: Shocks are classified into 6 types, viz. hypovolemic, cardiogenic, vasogenic, endotoxic, neurogenic, anaphylactic. Hypovolemic shock occurs when there is severe haemorrhage, plasma or fluid loss due to burns, intestinal obstruction, vomiting, diarrhoea, diuresis and pancreatitis. Cardiogenic shock is seen in myocardial infarction, coronary block, cardiac arrest, congestive heart failure, acute heart failure and ventricular fibrillation. Vasogenic shock occurs owing to severe trauma, burn, intestinal rupture and prolapse of uterus, where there is loss of effective blood volume. Endotoxic shock takes place owing to various septicemic conditions parti­cularly caused by Gram -ve organisms, at times by Gram + organisms. Absorption of toxins from intestine and mammary gland may also result in endotoxic or septic shock.Neurogenic shock is due to pain or depression of central nervous system. Anaphylactic shock occurs owing to antigen and antibody combination in abnormal way releasing histamine or histamine like substances leading to dilation of the vessels and reduction in effective blood volume.

Clinical signs: There is tachycardia, diminished heart sounds, muscular weakness and cold extremities. Mucous membranes are pale or slightly cyanotic. Pulse is weak and animal is in recumbency or coma.

Diagnosis: There is decrease in blood pH. Eosinophil count is increased due to adrenocortical dysfunction. Haemoconcentration may be present or absent. Plasma protein may or may not be decreased. BUN and creatinine levels are high. The ECG findings include prolongation of QRS interval and peaked T wave or inversion of T wave indicating myocardial ischemia as well as hyperkalemia.

Treatment: Blood volume can be restored by administration of blood, plasma expanders or isotonic fluid (saline solution, ringer's solution) depending upon the cause of the problem to prevent anoxia and tissue damage. Corrective measures should be taken to treat haemorrhage, sepsis or cardiac failure. Glucocorticoids should be administered as early as possible. Antibiotics, vasodilators, anti-inflammatory drugs, digitoxin and calcium therapy should be instituted depending on the cause of the shock. Animal should have access to sufficient fresh air.


Related Discussions:- Shock

Define the term parasite -giardia, Normal 0 false false fal...

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4

What substance is the acidic flavor of fermented milk due, Q. To what subst...

Q. To what substance is the acidic flavor of fermented milk due? Some bacteria ferment milk lactose by lactic fermentation producing lactic acid this product is responsible for

What is the function of enterogastrone, Where is it produced and what is th...

Where is it produced and what is the function of enterogastrone in the digestive process? When the chyme is too fatty there is a secretion of enterogastrone by the duodenum. Th

Name the associated foods used in bacillus cereus, Name the Associated Food...

Name the Associated Foods used in bacillus cereus  Cereal dishes that contain corn and corn starch, mashed potatoes, vegetables, minced meat, liver sausage, milk, cooked meat.

Zoonoses disease-salmonellosis, Salmonellosis Salmonellosis is an infe...

Salmonellosis Salmonellosis is an infection caused by bacterial species belonging to the genus Salmonella and usually associated with the ingestion of food containing salmonel

Phylum, morphological characterstics of e histolytica

morphological characterstics of e histolytica

Lead, Le a d It is common cause of poisoning in cattle. Lead poisonin...

Le a d It is common cause of poisoning in cattle. Lead poisoning in other species is limited by reduced accessibility, more selective eating habits, or lower susceptibility.

Energy budget - ecosystem, Energy Budget - Ecosystem All living things...

Energy Budget - Ecosystem All living things must take in and use energy to maintain their bodies, to grow, to obtain more energy and to reproduce. Each individual has an 'ener

Explain cori cycle , Under the limiting oxygen conditions experienced in ...

Under the limiting oxygen conditions experienced in by vigorous exercise, the configuration of NADH by glycolysis exceeds the ability of the respiratory chain to oxidize it back to

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd